一种新的双足机器人模型设计与相关研究

针对双足机器人最简模型在行走过程中出现摆动腿足部擦地的问题,提出了一种通过摆动腿膝关节弯曲达到摆动腿缩短的新模型。当摆动腿开始摆动时,摆动腿膝关节弯曲锁定,摆动腿缩短;当摆动腿摆动到最大位置时,膝关节解锁,摆动腿伸直再锁定,此后摆动腿回摆,系统变为直腿模型。采用脚后跟冲击控制,在摆动腿落地前,拖后的支撑腿与地面接触处施加一指向髋关节的瞬时冲击力,冲击力可以减小摆动腿着地时能量的损耗,同时驱动被动机器人向前行走。设计了迭代学习控制算法,找到极限环与不动点,实现不同给定期望步长跟踪的冲击力的计算。仿真结果表明,迭代学习控制可以有效的实现不同期望步长的跟踪,可以很快的找到机器人系统的不动点,通过收敛的相平面,得到稳定的极限环,保证了机器人行走过程稳定。     

Fast detection, position and classification of moving objects on production line

This paper presents a decision analysis method for detection, position and classification of moving objects on automatic production line. The decision is based on the coordinates of moving objects in the image frames, and the displacement information provided by servo motor control synchronized with a conveyor belt. Multiple objects to identify duplication or omission can be avoided. The method for smart packing robot can provide reliable location information of measured objects.     

Computational dynamics of soft machines

Soft machine refers to a kind of mechanical system made of soft materials to complete sophisticated mis-sions, such as handling a fragile object and crawling along a narrow tunnel corner, under low cost control and actuation. Hence, soft machines have raised great challenges to compu-tational dynamics. In this review article, recent studies of the authors on the dynamic modeling, numerical simulation, and experimental validation of soft machines are summarized in the framework of multibody system dynamics. The dynamic modeling approaches are presented first for the geometric nonlinearities of coupled overall motions and large deforma-tions of a soft component, the physical nonlinearities of a soft component made of hyperelastic or elastoplastic mate-rials, and the frictional contacts/impacts of soft components, respectively. Then the computation approach is outlined for the dynamic simulation of soft machines governed by a set of differential-algebraic equations of very high dimensions, with an emphasis on the efficient computations of the non-linear elastic force vector of finite elements. The validations of the proposed approaches are given via three case stud-ies, including the locomotion of a soft quadrupedal robot, the spinning deployment of a solar sail of a spacecraft, and the deployment of a mesh reflector of a satellite antenna, as well as the corresponding experimental studies. Finally, some remarks are made for future studies.     

基于交互式多模型秩滤波的移动机器人组合导航算法

针对非结构化环境下移动机器人组合导航系统中存在的时变或非高斯噪声,将秩滤波器(rank Kalman filter,RKF)与交互式多模型算法(interactive multiple model filter,IMM)相结合,提出一种交互式多模型秩滤波算法(IMM-RKF)。秩滤波根据秩统计量相关原理确定采样点和权值,可适用于具有非高斯噪声的非线性系统;交互式多模型算法是解决结构和参数易发生变化系统中状态估计问题的重要途径,能够抑制组合导航系统中时变噪声引起的导航参数估计误差。仿真实验表明,相比于交互式多模型扩展卡尔曼滤波(IMM-EKF)和交互式多模型无迹卡尔曼滤波(IMM-UKF),提出的IMM-RKF算法能够提高组合导航系统姿态、速度和位置估计精度。     

双臂空间机器人系统末端惯性空间轨迹的反馈跟踪控制

本文讨论了载体位置不受控制的双臂空间机器人系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的控制问题.结合系统的动量守恒关系对双臂空间机器人系统的运动学、动力学作了分析,推导出了系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的增广广义Jacobi关系.并以此为基础,给出在载体位置不受控制的情况下,惯性坐标系内双臂空间机器人系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的反馈跟踪控制规律.研究结果表明,在系统动力学模型及参数较精确确定的情况下,本文提出的控制方案能够有效地控制双臂空间机器人机械臂的末端抓手与载体姿态准确地完成指定的运动,而不需对其载体的位置进行主动控制.仿真计算结果证实了方法的有效性.     

基于多层多道焊的弧焊机器人视觉信息提取及处理

介绍爬行式弧焊机器人三维视觉信息的传感原理。研究了拉普拉斯锐化、细化等措施对图像处理的效果。给出型坡口多层多道焊边缘坐标的确定以及纠偏量和深度值的计算方法，实验说明效果较好。     

Estimation of multiple sound source directions using artificial robot ears

Estimating the direction of a sound source is an important technique used in various engineering fields, including intelligent robots and surveillance systems. In a household where a user’s voice and noises emitted from electric appliances originate from arbitrary directions in 3-D space, robots need to recognize the directions of multiple sound sources in order to effectively interact with the user.This paper proposes an ear-based estimation (localization) system using two artificial robot ears, each consisting of a spiral-shaped pinna and two microphones, for application in humanoid robots. Four microphones are asymmetrically placed on the left and right sides of the head. The proposed localization algorithm is based on a spatially mapped generalized cross-correlation function which is transformed from the time domain to the space domain by using a measured inter-channel time difference map. For validation of the proposed localization method, two experiments (single- and multiple-source cases) were conducted using male speech. In the case of a single source, with the exception of laterally biased sources, the localization was achieved with an error of less than 10°. In a multiple-source environment, one source was fixed at the front side and the other source changed its direction; from the experimental results, the error rates on the localization of the fixed and varying sources are 0% and 36.9% respectively within an error bound of 15°.     

基于梯度下降和二分法的移动机器人轨迹规划方法

轨迹规划是移动焊接机器人轨迹控制的基础,是该系统中重要的组成部分。为了提高多关节移动焊接机器人轨迹规划的效率和精确性,同时考虑到多关节焊接机器人的运动特性提出了一种梯度下降法和二分法结合的轨迹规划方法。移动焊接机器人由机械杆和机器人移动平台组成,由于移动平台提供移动性使得移动焊接机器人相对固定的机械臂有更大的工作空间。近年来,此类系统的研究已在经学术界和工业界迅猛发展。论文首先建立移动焊接机器人的运动学模型,并且阐述梯度下降法和二分法结合算法的设计步骤。然后,采用典型的正弦波形作为焊缝轨迹,通过仿真验证该方法的应用前景和可行性。     

面向复杂地形的四足机器人步态生成方法

为实现四足机器人在凹凸地形上稳定运动并能选择最大步长的目的,提出了基于稳定裕度的步态规划方法。基于研究对象,建立四足机器人的运动学方程及逆运动学方程,将机器人足端的位置映射为各关节的关节变量;提出工作空间矩阵的概念,将所需克服的地形高度反映到工作空间矩阵中,并选择最优步态区域;依据四足机器人的立足点在质心坐标系下的空间坐标,以纵向稳定裕度为约束条件,在工作空间矩阵中计算机器人摆动腿的最大步长并规划机械腿的运动轨迹;针对所提出的方法,分别利用MATLAB和ADAMS进行仿真验证。在MATLAB环境中计算并验证质心的水平投影是否在立足点形成支撑多变形内,而ADAMS平台分析机器人在复杂地形上的位移变化及姿态变化。仿真结果表明机器人的质心始终在支撑多边形内,机器人的躯干姿态基本保持不变且运动速度匀速,所提出的方法能够保证机器人稳定行走,为四足机器人的稳定运动提出依据。     

一种异构多机器人系统交互协议

随着机器人在各领域的广泛应用和任务种类多样化,单机器人执行任务受到任务规模和复杂程度的限制,使用多个机器人协作完成任务是解决复杂问题的有效方法之一。在复杂机器人控制系统中,不同的任务往往需要不同的机器人去执行,这些机器人一般具有不同的结构和功能,而且工业化的机器人各自遵循私有协议。在操作一个复杂多机器人系统中,控制系统中的通信协议因不同的机器人而异,从而增加了控制过程中的协作难度。设计和制定一个方便的交互协议,便于协作信息在系统中通信,共同完成给定的任务。本文针对不同的机器人私有控制协议,在一致化交互接口的基础上,设计并实现了不同工业机器人之间的交互。通过工程实践,验证了这种一致性交互协议对于异构机器人系统的有效交互,对完成复杂问题作业具有借鉴作用。