海洋微藻培养液中二甲基硫与二甲基硫丙酸的同步分析

基于水体中二甲基硫(DMS)的固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用分析方法,建立了海洋微藻培养液中DMS、溶解态二甲基硫丙酸(DMSPd)和颗粒态二甲基硫丙酸(DMSPp)的同步测定方法. 结果表明: 本方法在0.01～10.0 μg/L 范围内线性良好, 方法检出限10.6 pg , 加标回收率为(93.1±1.3)%; 相对误差范围小于5%.将4种微藻培养液高速离心,上层和下层溶液分别加固体NaCl后立即测定DMS,加NaOH 溶液反应12 h后测定DMS含量, 根据其数值的差值可得到各微藻培养液中DMS与DMSP的含量.检出结果与文献报道具有相似的结论:甲藻和定鞭藻是DMS(P)的重要生产者.其中颗石藻 (Pleurochrysis carterae)单位细胞DMSPp 的检出含量为(13.8±0.9)pg/cell.     

Matrix‐free single‐cell LDI‐MS investigations of the diatoms Coscinodiscus granii and Thalassiosira pseudonana

Single‐cell investigations of the diatoms Coscinodsicus granii and Thalassiosira pseudonana were performed using laser desorption/ionization (LDI)‐MS without the addition of chemical matrices. The unique cell wall architecture of these microalgae, more precisely the biomineralized nanostructured surface, supported the ionization of cellular as well as surface‐related metabolites. In model experiments with purified diatom cell walls of eight species C. granii and T. pseudonana proved to promote the ionization of the polymer polyethylene glycol most efficiently. These species were therefore chosen for further experiments. Without any additional workup, living diatom cells can be washed, can be placed on the LDI target and can immediately be profiled using LDI‐MS. Characteristic signals arising from the two species were assigned to common metabolites known from diatom metabolism. Among others, chlorophyll, phospholipids and amino acids were detected. Using these fingerprint signals, we were able to perform species‐specific MS imaging down to a single‐cell resolution of 20 by 20 µm. The larger C. granii cells can be directly visualized, while more than one of the smaller T. pseudonana cells is needed to generate high‐quality images. The introduced technique will pave the way toward a chemotyping of phytoplankton that will enable the automated annotation of microalgal species. But also, an assignment of metabolic plasticity on a single‐cell level that could answer fundamental questions about plankton diversity is now in reach. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微拟球藻热解及其催化热解制备生物油研究

在氮气气氛下对微拟球藻直接热解及其在H-ZSM-5上的催化热解实验进行了研究。在573K～773K考察了热解温度对热解油产物分布的影响。与木质纤维素生物质的热解相比,微拟球藻的热解不仅温度更低,而且油的收率更高。催化剂H-ZSM-5在热解中起到了脱极性官能团和芳构化的作用,使得热解油中的芳香族化合物含量增多,极性化合物含量减少。与木质纤维素生物质相比,微拟球藻热解获得的油热值更高,适合进一步加工为燃油。     

不同生长期6种海洋微藻鞘糖脂含量变化的研究

利用超高效液相色谱—四极杆—飞行时间质谱联用分析系统(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)对6种海洋微藻3个培养时期(对数期、平台期、平台末期)的鞘糖脂组成和含量的变化进行研究. 结果表明: 6种微藻中共检测到3种类型的鞘糖脂, 且每一种藻中仅检测到一种类型极性头部糖原的鞘糖脂. 在整个生长过程中, 每种藻中总鞘糖脂的含量在对数期最少, 每毫克干藻中含0.23~8.42 nmol; 平台末期时大量积累, 每毫克干藻中含量达5.37~50.10nmol. 鞘糖脂组成和生长期含量的变化可为海洋微藻生理生态学研究、化学分类学研究以及赤潮的防治提供理论依据.     

Microwave-Assisted Defibrillation of Microalgae

The first production of defibrillated celluloses from microalgal biomass using acid-free, TEMPO-free and bleach-free hydrothermal microwave processing is reported. Two routes were explored: i. direct microwave process of native microalgae (“standard”), and ii. scCO₂ pre-treatment followed by microwave processing. ScCO₂ was investigated as it is commonly used to extract lipids and generates considerable quantities of spent algal biomass. Defibrillation was evidenced in both cases to afford cellulosic strands, which progressively decreased in their width and length as the microwave processing temperature increased from 160 °C to 220 °C. Lower temperatures revealed aspect ratios similar to microfibrillated cellulose whilst at the highest temperature (220 °C), a mixture of microfibrillated cellulose and nanocrystals were evidenced. XRD studies showed similar patterns to cellulose I but also some unresolved peaks. The crystallinity index (CrI), determined by XRD, increased with increasing microwave processing temperature. The water holding capacity (WHC) of all materials was approximately 4.5 g H₂O/g sample. The materials were able to form partially stable hydrogels, but only with those processed above 200 °C and at a concentration of 3 wt% in water. This unique work provides a new set of materials with potential applications in the packaging, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.     

微藻的高油脂化技术

温室效应与石化能源紧缺已成为全球问题,生物燃料作为一种可再生且环境友好的替代能源受到人们的普遍关注。不少微藻油含量高,环境适应性强,净碳值几乎为零,被认为是生物质能,尤其生物柴油最重要的原料来源之一。本文综述了油脂微藻的国内外研究现状,并对高油脂微藻藻种筛选、高密度培养,以及提高微藻油脂含量和产油速率的可能方法进行了讨论;阐述了采用基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性;最后介绍了以CO2废气为碳源,膜生物反应器强化微藻培养技术,为进一步降低微藻产油成本,提高微藻生物柴油经济性提出了一条极有可能实现工业化的潜在高效生产途径。     

Speciation of Mercury in Microalgae by Isotope Dilution-inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Species-specific stable isotope dilution in combination with gold trap- or gas chromatography (GC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is reported for the determination of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in diatoms (Chaetoceros curvisetus). The optimum conditions for the separation parameters were established. The isotope dilution analysis was performed using ¹⁹⁹Hg-enriched Hg²⁺ and laboratory-synthesized ²⁰¹Hg-enriched methylmercury. The absolute detection limits obtained with isotope dilution-ICP-MS were 9 pg for total mercury and 0.6 pg for methylmercury. The relative error of 7 Hg isotopic abundances based on the peak area measurements was better than 2.0% for 20 pg of methylmercury (as Hg) and 250 pg of inorganic mercury. The accuracy of the method was validated with a biological certified reference material. The developed method was then applied to investigate the uptake of inorganic mercury and methylmercury by C. curvisetus. Continuous uptake of inorganic mercury and methylmercury was observed during 5 days of incubation.     

Insight into Potential Anticancer Activity of Algal Flavonoids: Current Status and Challenges

Flavonoids are some of the most precious phytochemicals, believed to be found largely in terrestrial plants. With the advancement of phytochemical research and marine bioprospecting, flavonoids have also been reported by the research of microalgae and macroalgae. High growth rate with minimal nutritional and growth requirement, saving arable land and rich metabolic profile make microalgae an excellent repertoire of novel anticancer compounds, such as flavonoids. In addition, marine algae, especially seaweeds contain different types of flavonoids which are assumed to have unique chemical structures and bioactivities than their terrestrial counterparts. Flavonoids are not only good antioxidants but also have the abilities to kill cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. However, the study of the anticancer properties of flavonoids is largely limited to terrestrial plants. This review offers an insight into the distribution of different classes of flavonoids in eukaryotic microalgae, cyanobacteria and seaweeds with their possible anticancer activities. In addition, extraction and purification methods of these flavonoids have been highlighted. Finally, prospects and challenges to use algal flavonoids as anticancer agents have been discussed.     

Highly Valuable Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae: Strategies to Improve Their Yields and Their Potential Exploitation in Aquaculture

Microalgae have a great potential for the production of healthy food and feed supplements. Their ability to convert carbon into high-value compounds and to be cultured in large scale without interfering with crop cultivation makes these photosynthetic microorganisms promising for the sustainable production of lipids. In particular, microalgae represent an alternative source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), whose consumption is related to various health benefits for humans and animals. In recent years, several strategies to improve PUFAs’ production in microalgae have been investigated. Such strategies include selecting the best performing species and strains and the optimization of culturing conditions, with special emphasis on the different cultivation systems and the effect of different abiotic factors on PUFAs’ accumulation in microalgae. Moreover, developments and results obtained through the most modern genetic and metabolic engineering techniques are described, focusing on the strategies that lead to an increased lipid production or an altered PUFAs’ profile. Additionally, we provide an overview of biotechnological applications of PUFAs derived from microalgae as safe and sustainable organisms, such as aquafeed and food ingredients, and of the main techniques (and their related issues) for PUFAs’ extraction and purification from microalgal biomass.     

海链藻定向培养对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及养殖水质的影响

旨在探究定向培藻在凡纳滨对虾养殖中应用效果. 选取体长0.545cm的凡纳滨对虾84万尾, 随机分为2组(每组3个重复, 每个室内水泥池(30m2)14万尾), 对照组水体不添加藻, 试验组水体中添加海链藻(藻浓度维持2×104~5×104 cell?mL-1), 试验周期25d. 结果表明: 定向培藻对凡纳滨对虾生长、存活及养殖水质影响显著(P＜0.05), 其中, 对虾体长、体质量成活率和饵料系数均为海链藻组显著大于对照组(P＜0.05); 养殖水体的pH日差值和、NO3--N、NH4+-N、PO43--P和养殖水体中弧菌数量均为海链藻组显著小于对照组(P＜0.05). 由此可见, 在凡纳滨对虾养殖过程中, 养殖池中添加定向培海链藻有利于维持养殖池水体的水质稳定, 减少水体的氮磷含量和抑制弧菌的生长, 同时也有利于凡纳滨对虾的健康生长.