归一化差异植被指数仪的研制与应用

介绍了一种测量归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)的方法及仪器,利用日光作光源,通过四个具有特殊光谱响应特性的光电探测器,在植被近红外反射率平台和红光叶绿素吸收谷两个特征波段,分别对入射光和植被的反射光进行探测,经模拟—数字转换后,求出NDVI值。通过与ASDFieldSpec型便携式光谱仪测得的NDVI数据进行对比、标定,表明NDVI仪测定数据十分可靠。利用NDVI仪的数据,成功反演了小麦植株的叶面积、叶绿素密度,展示了NDVI仪在作物长势、营养诊断方面的应用前景。     

Structural and Biological Properties of Water Soluble Polysaccharides from Lotus Leaves: Effects of Drying Techniques

In the present study, the influence of five drying techniques on the structural and biological properties of polysaccharides from lotus leaves (LLPs) was investigated. Results revealed that the yields, contents of basic chemical components, molecular weights, and molar ratios of compositional monosaccharides of LLPs varied by different drying technologies. Low molecular weight distributions were observed in polysaccharides obtained from lotus leaves by hot air drying (LLP-H), microwave drying (LLP-M), and radio frequency drying (LLP-RF), respectively. The high contents of bound polyphenolics were measured in LLP-H and LLP-M, as well as polysaccharides obtained from lotus leaves by vacuum drying (LLP-V). Furthermore, both Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of LLPs were similar, indicating that drying technologies did not change their basic chemical structures. Besides, all LLPs exhibited obvious biological properties, including in vitro antioxidant capacities, antiglycation activities, and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase. Indeed, LLP-H exhibited higher 2,2-azidobisphenol (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging ability (IC₅₀ values, LLP-H, 0.176 ± 0.004 mg/mL; vitamin C, 0.043 ± 0.002 mg/mL) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrate phenyl) hydrazine radical scavenging ability (IC₅₀ values, LLP-H, 0.241 ± 0.007 mg/mL; butylated hydroxytoluene, 0.366 ± 0.010 mg/mL) than others, and LLP-M exerted stronger antiglycation (IC₅₀ values, LLP-M, 1.023 ± 0.053 mg/mL; aminoguanidine, 1.744 ± 0.080 mg/mL) and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase (IC₅₀ values, LLP-M, 1.90 ± 0.02 μg/mL; acarbose, 724.98 ± 16.93 μg/mL) than others. These findings indicate that both hot air drying and microwave drying can be potential drying techniques for the pre-processing of lotus leaves for industrial applications.     

可用性观点下的烟叶质量粗糙集评价方法

通过对现代卷烟产业中烟叶质量新需求的理解和归纳,构建了可用性观点下的烟叶质量综合评价新指标体系。考虑到实际烟叶质量评价中的数据的复杂性和问题求解的特殊性,将基于等价关系的Pawlak粗糙集模型扩展为基于上、下近似相似关系的扩展粗糙集模型,并设计了相应的可用性观点下烟叶质量粗糙集智能评价模型,在实现了不依赖主观先验信息求取各指标客观权重的同时,进一步引入了专家的主观权重信息,以达到对烟叶“可用性”需求的动态调整。文章首次尝试了基于定量化解决途径来应用和阐释烟叶的“可用性”概念,文末的实证分析验证了本文方法的可行性和一定程度的优越性。     

一种植物叶片生化成分光谱无损检测的光程长校正方法

利用可见/近红外光谱分析技术定量分析叶片生化参数含量时,由光散射效应和叶片厚度等引起的样本间光程长差异会影响校正模型的预测精度。文章提出了一种改进的扩展多元散射校正(EMSC)光程长方法,利用差谱矩阵的主成分代替物质纯谱,对实测光谱精确建模,根据实际需要,减去相应干扰因子,得到校正光谱。选择叶绿素含量基本相同,厚度不同的16个叶片样本以及叶绿素含量和厚度均不同的32个样本分别使用改进的EMSC方法校正,对处理前后光谱变异系数和主成分贡献率进行比较和分析,并比较了预处理前后的模型预测精度。结果表明,采用改进的EMSC预处理方法能够有效地校正光散射效应和叶片厚度差异导致的光程长差异引起的光谱误差,增强光谱数据对浓度的灵敏度,可提高预测模型的精度。     

Nanocomposite polyester fabrics with in situ generated silver nanoparticles using tamarind leaf extract reducing agent

Using tamarind leaf extract as a reducing agent and various concentrated aq?AgNO₃ solutions as source, the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were in situ generated in polyester fabrics. The nanocomposite polyester fabrics were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and antibacterial tests. The size of the generated AgNPs varied between 50 and 120?nm. The X-ray analysis indicated the generation of both AgNPs and AgO nanoparticles in the nanocomposite fabrics. The nanocomposite polyester fabrics exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against both the Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria and hence can be considered for making antibacterial textiles.     

Characterization of a new epoxy-hydroxycarvotanacetone derivative from the leaf essential oil of Laggera pterodonta from Côte d’Ivoire

The leaf essential oil of Laggera pterodonta (DC.) Sch. Bip. ex Oliv. (Asteraceae) collected in the Eastern Côte d’Ivoire was investigated using a combination of chromatographic (GC-RI, CC, pc-GC) and spectroscopic (GC-MS, ¹³C NMR) techniques. Eighty-three components accounting for 98.0% of the whole composition were identified with 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (43.3%), sabinene (14.1%), α-humulene (9.8%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (7.2%) and germacrene D (5.2%) as major compounds. This study led to the structural elucidation of a new natural compound, (3αH,4βH,6αH,1αMe)-1,6-epoxy-3-hydroxycarvotanacetone, angelic acid ester from the leaf oil by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.     

铜铅胁迫下玉米叶片弱光谱信息的LD-CR-SIDSCAtan探测模型

农作物在受到重金属污染以后,会破坏本身的组织细胞结构和叶绿素含量,从而影响农作物的新陈代谢和健康状况。人和动物如果食用了污染的农作物以后,会有致命的伤害。高光谱遥感目前被广泛应用于监测农作物受重金属污染的程度。重金属污染下的农作物叶片的光谱变化很微小,传统的监测方法和常规的光谱特征参数很难将光谱之间的微弱差异区别开,目前高光谱遥感应用是研究的重点和难点。通过设置不同浓度的Cu2+和Pb2+胁迫下玉米盆栽实验,采集玉米叶片的光谱数据、叶绿素的相对含量以及重金属Cu2+和Pb2+的相对含量。提出了包络线去除(CR)、光谱相关角(SCA)、光谱信息散度(SID)以及正切函数(Tan)和兰氏距离(LD)相结合的LD-CR-SIDSCA_tan模型,将其与传统的光谱测度方法,如光谱相关系数(SCC)、光谱角(SA)、光谱角正切(DSA)、光谱信息散度-光谱相关角正切(SIDSAM_tan)、光谱信息散度-光谱梯度角正切(SIDSGA_tan)和常规的光谱特征参数,如红边最大值(MR)、绿峰高度(GH)、红边一阶微分包围面积(FAR)、红边一阶微分曲线陡峭度(FCDR)、蓝边(DB)、红谷吸收深度(RD)相比较,验证了该模型的优越性和可行性。并且将LD-CR-SIDSCA_tan模型应用于不同浓度下Cu2+和Pb2+胁迫的玉米叶片的整体波形和子波段的光谱差异信息的测度上。结果表明,LD-CR-SIDSCA_tan模型实现了重金属Cu2+和Pb2+污染的定性分析,能够测度光谱相关系数达到0.99以上的相似光谱之间的差异信息,波形差异信息与叶片测得的叶绿素相对含量和重金属Cu2+和Pb2+相对含量显著相关,也分别找到了重金属Cu2+和Pb2+胁迫下的光谱响应波段。在测度光谱数据的整个波段区间范围,模型值为负值时的光谱差异要比模型值为正值更加明显;在模型值为正值时,如果数值越大,光谱的差异性也越大。因此,随着重金属Cu2+和Pb2+浓度的增加,光谱的差异增大,意味着重金属Cu2+和Pb2+污染程度更为严重;玉米植株受到重金属Cu2+胁迫污染,在测度光谱数据的局部子波段区间范围时,“蓝边”、“红边”、“近谷”、“近峰B”处对重金属Cu2+胁迫污染响应特别的敏感,可以作为监测重金属Cu2+污染程度的有效波段;当玉米植株受到重金属Pb2+胁迫污染时,在“紫谷”、“蓝边”、“黄边”、“红谷”、“红边”、“近峰A” 处对重金属Pb2+胁迫污染响应特别的敏感,可以作为监测重金属Pb2+污染程度的有效波段。最后通过LD-CR-SIDSCA_tan模型的应用结果与玉米叶片中Cu2+和Pb2+含量进行线性拟合分析,从而反演和预测了重金属Cu2+和Pb2+对玉米植株的污染程度。     

基于空间谱的玉米叶片铜铅污染区分及程度监测

利用高光谱遥感技术监测并识别农作物受重金属污染信息是当今热点,研究设置了不同浓度铜离子(Cu2+)、铅离子(Pb2+)胁迫梯度的玉米盆栽实验,并测取了玉米叶片的光谱及叶片中重金属离子与叶绿素含量。基于获取的光谱数据,将光谱划分为紫谷、蓝边、绿峰、红谷、红边和红肩六个光谱特征区间,通过光谱的一阶微分和二维多重信号分类(2D-MUSIC)算法构造空间谱,对各光谱特征区间进行变换分析。实验结果表明：蓝边、绿峰和红边阵列信号的空间谱在Cu2+胁迫下为双高峰,在Pb2+胁迫下为单高峰,以此能够快速、直观地区分玉米叶片所受重金属污染的Cu2+和Pb2+元素类别。红谷和红肩阵列信号空间谱的方位角谱峰值与玉米叶片中Cu2+含量的相关系数分别达到-0.954 5和-0.964 8,说明用于监测Cu2+污染程度时效果理想;紫谷阵列信号空间谱的方位角谱峰值与玉米叶片中Pb2+含量的相关系数达到-0.999 8,说明用于监测Pb2+污染程度时效果理想。同时通过与常规重金属污染监测方法绿峰高度(GH)、红边位置(REP)、红边最大值(MR)、红边一阶微分包围面积(FAR)的应用结果进行比较分析,空间谱法的应用结果与玉米叶片中重金属离子含量的相关性较高,从而验证了空间谱应用于玉米重金属污染信息监测具有更好的有效性和优越性。     

利用叶片正反面反射光谱估算叶绿素含量

叶片叶绿素含量的快速无损估算方法对研究植被生长和环境胁迫都具有重要意义。传统叶绿素光谱估测方法,主要是基于叶片正面光谱信息。而在实际遥感观测中,传感器不仅会接收植被叶片正面光谱信息,植被叶片反面光谱信息也会同时被接收。该研究主要目的是找到在同时考虑叶片正反面光谱信息时也能精确估算叶片叶绿素含量的分析方法。对比了简单差值植被指数(SD),简单比值植被指数(SR),归一化植被指数(ND)与偏最小二乘(PLS)建模方法,并对检验样本集进行了精度比较。结果发现用PLS方法估算两种植被正反面叶片的叶绿素含量与真实叶片叶绿素含量的拟合精度更高,R2为0.91,RMSE为5.21 μg·cm-2。因此可以认为PLS方法在同时考虑植被叶片的正反面光谱信息时对植被叶片叶绿素含量的估算更准确。     

Sea Buckthorn Leaf Powders: The Impact of Cultivar and Drying Mode on Antioxidant,Phytochemical, and Chromatic Profile of Valuable Resource

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR)) leaf powders are the underutilized, promising resource of valuable compounds. Genotype and processing methods are key factors in the preparation of homogenous, stable, and quantified ingredients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenolic, triterpenic, antioxidant profiles, carotenoid and chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of convection-dried and freeze-dried HR leaf powders obtained from ten different female cultivars, namely ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Botaniceskaja Liubitelskaja’, ‘Botaniceskaja’, ‘Hibrid Percika’, ‘Julia’, ‘Nivelena’, ‘Otradnaja’, ‘Podarok Sadu’, ‘Trofimovskaja’, and ‘Vorobjovskaja’. The chromatic characteristics were determined using the CIELAB scale. The phytochemical profiles were determined using HPLC-PDA (high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector) analysis; spectrophotometric assays and antioxidant activities were investigated using ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assays. The sea buckthorn leaf powders had a yellowish-green appearance. The drying mode had a significant impact on the total antioxidant activity, chlorophyll content, and chromatic characteristics of the samples; the freeze-dried samples were superior in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and chromatic profile, compared to convection-dried leaf powder samples. The determined triterpenic and phenolic profiles strongly depend on the cultivar, and the drying technique had no impact on qualitative and quantitative composition. Catechin, epigallocatechin, procyanidin B3, ursolic acid, α-amyrin, and β-sitosterol could be used as quantitative markers in the phenolic and triterpenic profiles. The cultivars ‘Avgustinka’, ‘Nivelena’, and ‘Botaniceskaja’ were superior to other tested cultivars, with the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity.