WHEN DOES A MEASUREMENT OR EVENT OCCUR?

Within quantum mechanics, a complete set of commutting observables can be found which describe the attributes of a system at a given time. However, the correct way to describe attributes of a system in time is still an open question. We discuss the difficulties in extending the standard approach of quantum mechanics to describe attributes of a system in time. We find that measuring when an event occurred and measuring that it occurred, are complimentary in Bohr's sense. To exemplify the differences between measurements at a given time and in time, we will compare Rovelli's recent proposal (quant-ph/9802020), to determine “at what time does a measurement occurred” with another model of a continuous measurement in time. Rovelli's scheme answers the question “has the measurement already occurred at a certain time?”, but does not answer to the more difficult question: “when did the measurement occur?” We also discuss the use of the probability current to measure the time at which a particle arrives to a certain location.     

Quantum chromodynamics: Working group report

This is the report of the QCD working group at WHEPP-6. Discussions and work on heavy ion collisions, polarized scattering, and collider phenomenology are reported.     

一个和X级太阳耀斑相关的甚高能GLE事件

分析怀柔宇宙线EAS阵列在1991年6月份的计数率,数据表明在6月15日的太阳X12/3B级大耀斑后的GLE事件持续期间,TeV能区的宇宙线强度在25min内比通常有将近4a的超出,增强过程持续约25min.     

高能物理过程事例产生器的建立

讨论了对特定的高能物理反应过程,如何按理论模型给出的微分截面表达式建立事例模拟产生器,包括用M.C.方法通过对多粒子末态相空间的积分计算反应截面,以及模拟产生末态粒子的四动量。较详细地讨论了通常使用的分层抽样法和重要抽样法的特点、适用范围、具体实现步骤和技巧,以及各自的优缺点.最后概要地介绍了我们建立的一个适用于LEP/SLC加速器能量区间的Bhabha散射事例产生器.     

Analysis of stochastic min-max-plus systems: Results and conjectures

Systems in which the operations min, max and addition appear simultaneously are called min-max-plus systems. Such systems, which are extensions of timed discrete event systems (which on their turn are based on the max-plus algebra, i.e., on the operations max and addition only), have been studied for some years now [1–3]. In these references only deterministic systems were studied. In the current paper, some stochastic extensions will be considered. It will be shown that extensions of eigenvalues, Lyapunov coefficients, exist for these stochastic systems. Some conjectures will be given which are supported by characteristic examples.     

Olive Oil Traceability Studies Using Inorganic and Isotopic Signatures: A Review

The olive oil industry is subject to significant fraudulent practices that can lead to serious economic implications and even affect consumer health. Therefore, many analytical strategies have been developed for olive oil’s geographic authentication, including multi-elemental and isotopic analyses. In the first part of this review, the range of multi-elemental concentrations recorded in olive oil from the main olive oil-producing countries is discussed. The compiled data from the literature indicates that the concentrations of elements are in comparable ranges overall. They can be classified into three categories, with (1) Rb and Pb well below 1 µg kg⁻¹; (2) elements such as As, B, Mn, Ni, and Sr ranging on average between 10 and 100 µg kg⁻¹; and (3) elements including Cr, Fe, and Ca ranging between 100 to 10,000 µg kg⁻¹. Various sample preparations, detection techniques, and statistical data treatments were reviewed and discussed. Results obtained through the selected analytical approaches have demonstrated a strong correlation between the multi-elemental composition of the oil and that of the soil in which the plant grew. The review next focused on the limits of olive oil authentication using the multi-elemental composition method. Finally, different methods based on isotopic signatures were compiled and critically assessed. Stable isotopes of light elements have provided acceptable segregation of oils from different origins for years already. More recently, the determination of stable isotopes of strontium has proven to be a reliable tool in determining the geographical origin of food products. The ratio ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr is stable over time and directly related to soil geology; it merits further study and is likely to become part of the standard tool kit for olive oil origin determination, along with a combination of different isotopic approaches and multi-elemental composition.     

Geography of minimal surfaces of general type with Z22$\mathbb {Z}_2^2$-actions and the locus of Gorenstein stable surfaces

In this note, the geography of minimal surfaces of general type admitting ${\mathbb{Z}}_2^2$-actions is studied. More precisely, it is shown that Gieseker's moduli space ${\mathfrak{M}}_{K^2,\chi }$ contains surfaces admitting a ${\mathbb{Z}}_2^2$-action for every admissible pair $(K^2,\chi )$ such that $2\chi -6\le K^2\le 8\chi -8$ or $K^2=8\chi$. The examples considered allow to prove that the locus of Gorenstein stable surfaces is not closed in the KSBA-compactification ${\overline{\mathfrak{M}}}_{K^2,\chi }$ of Gieseker's moduli space ${\mathfrak{M}}_{K^2,\chi }$ for every admissible pair $(K^2,\chi )$ such that $2\chi -6\le K^2\le 8\chi -8$.     

Untargeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry approach for the geographical origin assessment of Italian dehydrated apples

Geographical provenience is nowadays a relevant aspect of the authenticity and the quality of many food commodities. Dehydrated apple cubes/slices represent an ingredient commonly used by food companies for bakery products. However, this apple-based matrix is not so known and studied from an analytical point of view. In the present work, seven compounds were identified as key molecules to distinguish between Italian and non-Italian samples, through an untargeted ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) approach. This methodology was merged with multivariate statistical analysis, and the principal features were studied and identified considering several identification steps. Samples from 2020 and 2021 harvesting campaigns, with partial and total dehydration rates, with or without peel, and from different apple varieties were considered for the study, for a total of 91 samples. Afterward, the same analysis protocol was applied to an external set (n = 12 samples), included in the statistical models, searching for the key compounds identified in the training set. Interesting and significant results underlined the potentiality of the UHPLC-HRMS technology as a confirmatory strategy for the geographical origin assessment of dehydrated apple commodities.