Photoacoustic spectroscopy for process analysis

Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by analyte molecules. The absorbed energy is measured by detecting pressure fluctuations in the form of sound waves or shock pulses. In contrast to conventional absorption spectroscopy (such as UV/Vis spectroscopy), PAS allows the determination of absorption coefficients over several orders of magnitude, even in opaque and strongly scattering samples. Small absorption coefficients, such as those encountered during trace gas monitoring, can be detected with cells with relatively short pathlengths. Furthermore, PA techniques allow absorption spectra of solid samples (including powders, chips or large objects) to be determined, and they permit depth profiling of layered systems. These features mean that PAS can be used for on-line monitoring in technical processes without the need for sample preparation and to perform depth-resolved characterization of industrial products. This article gives an overview on PA excitation and detection schemes employed in analytical chemistry, and reviews applications of PAS in process analytical technology and characterization of industrial products.     

准直物镜在变焦距镜头杂散光系数测试中的作用和影响分析

在对变焦距光学镜头进行杂散光系数测试的过程中,需要了解各测试环节的作用及对测量结果的影响。讨论了准直物镜使用与否对杂散光系数测量结果的影响。通过对杂散光形成机理的分析,将杂散光来源分为视场内与视场外两种,阐述不同来源杂散光的不同特点及这两种杂散光通过准直物镜后的状态。用两个参数不同的变焦距光学镜头在有无准直物镜两种情况下杂散光系数的测量结果,说明准直物镜在杂光测试中的作用。对于视场外入射光束形成的杂散光,准直物镜的使用与否对其测量结果影响巨大,而对视场内入射光束形成的杂散光影响很小,测量时可以利用准直物镜来判断光学镜头杂散光的来源。同时通过实验说明入射光线在准直物镜间的多次反射形成的杂散光约为1%,它可作为系统误差从测量结果中剔除。     

液面基准法标定干涉仪系统误差

为消除干涉仪标准参考面的误差,保证其测量准确度,本文采用液面基准法建立光学平面基准对仪器的系统误差进行标定.首先建立弯曲静液面动力学方程从理论上分析润湿效应对液面平面度的影响,并结合实验分析气流、温度、震动等环境因素对液面稳定性的影响,讨论波面稳定性评价指标,给予实验验证.最后用建立的大液面基准对干涉仪系统误差进行标定,给出标定结果.     

On the strain measurement and stiffness calculation of carbon fibre reinforced composites under quasi-static tensile and tension-tension fatigue loads

The applicability of different strain measurement techniques for carbon/epoxy laminates under quasi-static tensile and tension-tension fatigue loads was studied. Strain gauges, mechanical extensometers, digital image correlation and 2 D camera systems were applied on laminates tested at angles of 0°, 45°, 60°, 90° and ±45°. In addition, displacements recorded by the servo-hydraulic piston were monitored and compared to local strain measurement techniques. Representative examples that illustrate characteristics and limits of each technique in quasi-static and fatigue tests are discussed. Influences of the respective method of strain measurement, the specimen surface, fibre direction and processes in the specimens during tests on the recorded stress-strain behaviour and on the calculated stiffness are presented. Recommendations for accurate strain measurement of anisotropic laminates based on the results are made.     

基于邻域统计编码的轮廓提取在CCD二维多尺寸检测中的应用

为了更有效地从二值图像中提取更高质量的曲线轮廓,提出一种基于邻域统计编码的轮廓提取算法,它能在快速地提取出待测零件轮廓的同时,滤除毛刺和噪声.在检测精度不变的情况下,具有速度高和鲁棒性较好的特点.     

Online Research on Plasticizing Process of Starch Under Superimposed Vibration Field

A novel testing machine, integrating plastic vibration processing with molding, based on a multipass rheometer, was used to investigate the effect of the complex force field on plasticization of taro and wheat thermoplastic starch (TPS) melts. Various kinds of continuous vibration fields could be tested by controlling the movement of pistons. A superimposed vibration field, combining the effects of vibration and shear, was obtained by adding a high-frequency low-amplitude oscillation on a low-frequency high-amplitude oscillation. The rheological properties of starch were directly monitored during and after the plasticization process without removing the starch melts out of the testing machine. The apparent viscosity of the TPS melts were obtained for different high-frequency oscillation conditions by monitoring the pressure difference in the cavity. The plasticization preparation time was used to characterize the benefit provided by the superimposed vibration field. The results showed the decrease of the percentage of the average plasticizing preparation time for taro starch was 3.4%, while that for wheat starch was 1.6% compared to single, low-frequency, high-amplitude oscillation. Comparison of the plasticizing preparation time under different vibration frequencies showed that the plasticization was promoted by applying the superposed vibration field, and the effective degree was related to the vibration frequency and starch type. Both TPS exhibited shear-thinning behavior after the plasticization, and samples of both types of starch which were plasticized under higher vibration frequency presented lower apparent viscosities at certain shear rates.     

奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝侧壁未熔合相控阵超声检测*

针对核电站主管道奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝侧壁未熔合超声检测困难的问题,该文开展基于电子背散射衍射技术的相控阵超声检测研究,并结合全聚焦方法和相位相干成像方法抑制结构噪声。利用电子背散射衍射技术建立壁厚69.5 mm,且同时包含母材和焊缝的奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝模型。沿焊缝熔合线设置深度26.5 mm、高度3.0 mm的侧壁未熔合,经过仿真优化确定了中心频率2.25 MHz、32阵元以及45°纵波楔块的相控阵超声检测参数。仿真和实验检测结果显示,侧壁未熔合检测信噪比相差不超过0.6 dB,验证了所建模型的有效性。在此基础上,利用全聚焦方法和相位相干成像方法削弱结构噪声,检测信噪比较相控阵扇扫描图像分别提升2.3 dB和4.7 dB,且侧壁未熔合深度与高度定量误差均不超过6.7%。     

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial PP woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial polypropylene (PP) woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz were obtained by film stacking. The effect of the incorporation of quartz on the materials fracture and failure behavior was studied through uniaxial tensile tests and quasi‐static fracture experiments. Acoustic emission analysis was also performed in situ in the tensile tests. A higher consolidation quality was obtained for the composites containing quartz. In the composite with random PP modified with 5 wt% quartz, the higher consolidation and the better dispersion of quartz particles positively impacted on the materials tensile and fracture behavior. From the results of acoustic emission analysis, fiber fracture appears as the dominant failure mechanism in the investigated composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DETERMINATION OF CREEP PARAMETERS FROM INDENTATION CREEP EXPERIMENTS

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｒｅｅｐｉｓｔｈｅｔｉｍｅｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｐｌａｓｔｉｃｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚｅｄｂｙａｓｔｒｏｎｇｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｒｅｅｐｒａｔｅｆｒｏｍｓｔｒｅｓｓσｏｎｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅＴ .Ｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙｃｒｅｅｐｒａｔｅ εｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎｓｔｒｅｓｓσａｓ ε=Ｃｃ·σｎＣ, ( 1 )ｗｈｅｒｅＣｃｉｓａｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ,ｎＣｉｓｔｈｅｃｒｅｅｐｓｔｒｅｓｓｅｘｐｏｎｅｎｔ.Ｔｈ…     

Carbon nanotube synthesis on oxidized porous silicon

Carbon nanotubes were grown on thermally oxidized porous silicon by catalytic chemical vapor deposition from the mixture of ferrocene and xylene precursor. The growth rate of carbon nanotubes showed dependence on the oxidation extent of porous silicon. On pristine porous silicon surfaces, only poor nanotube growth was observed, whilst samples oxidized in air at 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C prior to the deposition process proved to be suitable substrates for carbon nanotube synthesis. Networks of carbon tubes with diameter of ∼40 and ∼10 nm observed on the surfaces of samples were investigated by electron microscopy and by energy dispersive X-ray analysis.