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31.
Fei Li Jianzhong Yang Yang Qin 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2013,51(16):3339-3350
We report the synthesis and characterization of a polythiophene block copolymer (P4) selectively functionalized with diaminopyrimidine moieties and a thymine tethered fullerene derivative (F1). Self‐assembly between P4 and F1 through “three‐point” complementary hydrogen bonding is studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. A large Stern‐Volmer constant (KSV) of 1.2 × 105 M?1 is observed from fluorescence quenching experiments, revealing strong complexation between these two components. Solar cells employing P4 and F1 at different weight ratios as active layers are fabricated and tested; corresponding thin film morphologies are studied in detail by optical imaging and atomic force microscopy. Correlations between polymer complex structures, film morphologies, and device performance are discussed. Thermal stability of benchmark poly(3‐hexylthiophene) bulk heterojunction solar cells is found to be improved by the addition of a few weight percent of P4/F1 complexes as compatibilizers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013 , 51, 3339–3350 相似文献
32.
高斯光束在任意分布的径向梯度折射率介质中传输的计算方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据弱波导近似,本文建立了处理高斯光束在任意分布的径向梯度折射率介质中传输的计算方法,并具体计算和讨论了高斯光束腰斑在沿径向呈抛物型分布的介质中随传输距离的变化情况,其数值结果与解析近似符合。 相似文献
33.
为得到脉宽150ns,功率超过100MW的30GHz微波脉冲,采用MSLED-II原理设计了30GHz RF-脉冲压缩器。H-Hybrid,TE100口-TE10o模式转换器等器件都采用了新型设计,所有微波器件的设计充分考虑了高功率下的适用性,没有容易引起打火的调谐杆、容性膜片等部件。在微波器件的设计中用HFSS软件进行了详尽的模拟。加工并测试了H-Hybrid,且用在CERN的RF脉冲展宽器上。 相似文献
34.
35.
On the convergence of cross decomposition 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kaj Holmberg 《Mathematical Programming》1990,47(1-3):269-296
Cross decomposition is a recent method for mixed integer programming problems, exploiting simultaneously both the primal and the dual structure of the problem, thus combining the advantages of Dantzig—Wolfe decomposition and Benders decomposition. Finite convergence of the algorithm equipped with some simple convergence tests has been proved. Stronger convergence tests have been proposed, but not shown to yield finite convergence.In this paper cross decomposition is generalized and applied to linear programming problems, mixed integer programming problems and nonlinear programming problems (with and without linear parts). Using the stronger convergence tests finite exact convergence is shown in the first cases. Unbounded cases are discussed and also included in the convergence tests. The behaviour of the algorithm when parts of the constraint matrix are zero is also discussed. The cross decomposition procedure is generalized (by using generalized Benders decomposition) in order to enable the solution of nonlinear programming problems. 相似文献
36.
Let X1, …, Xn be independent random variables and define for each finite subset I {1, …, n} the σ-algebra
= σ{Xi : i ε I}. In this paper
-measurable random variables WI are considered, subject to the centering condition E(WI
) = 0 a.s. unless I J. A central limit theorem is proven for d-homogeneous sums W(n) = ΣI = dWI, with var W(n) = 1, where the summation extends over all (nd) subsets I {1, …, n} of size I = d, under the condition that the normed fourth moment of W(n) tends to 3. Under some extra conditions the condition is also necessary. 相似文献
37.
We analyse a single-server retrial queueing system with infinite buffer, Poisson arrivals, general distribution of service
time and linear retrial policy. If an arriving customer finds the server occupied, he joins with probabilityp a retrial group (called orbit) and with complementary probabilityq a priority queue in order to be served. After the customer is served completely, he will decide either to return to the priority
queue for another service with probability ϑ or to leave the system forever with probability
=1−ϑ, where 0≤ϑ<1. We study the ergodicity of the embedded Markov chain, its stationary distribution function and the joint
generating function of the number of customers in both groups in the steady-state regime. Moreover, we obtain the generating
function of system size distribution, which generalizes the well-knownPollaczek-Khinchin formula. Also we obtain a stochastic decomposition law for our queueing system and as an application we study the asymptotic behaviour
under high rate of retrials. The results agree with known special cases. Finally, we give numerical examples to illustrate
the effect of the parameters on several performance characteristics. 相似文献
38.
We study a GI/M/c type queueing system with vacations in which all servers take vacations together when the system becomes empty. These servers keep taking synchronous vacations until they find waiting customers in the system at a vacation completion instant.The vacation time is a phase-type (PH) distributed random variable. Using embedded Markov chain modeling and the matrix geometric solution methods, we obtain explicit expressions for the stationary probability distributions of the queue length at arrivals and the waiting time. To compare the vacation model with the classical GI/M/c queue without vacations, we prove conditional stochastic decomposition properties for the queue length and the waiting time when all servers are busy. Our model is a generalization of several previous studies. 相似文献
39.
We study a multi-server M/M/c type queue with a single vacation policy for some idle servers. In this queueing system, if at a service completion instant, any d (d c) servers become idle, these d servers will take one and only one vacation together. During the vacation of d servers, the other c–d servers do not take vacation even if they are idle. Using a quasi-birth-and-death process and the matrix analytic method, we obtain the stationary distribution of the system. Conditional stochastic decomposition properties have been established for the waiting time and the queue length given that all servers are busy. 相似文献
40.
A Heuristic for Moment-Matching Scenario Generation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kjetil Høyland Michal Kaut Stein W. Wallace 《Computational Optimization and Applications》2003,24(2-3):169-185
In stochastic programming models we always face the problem of how to represent the random variables. This is particularly difficult with multidimensional distributions. We present an algorithm that produces a discrete joint distribution consistent with specified values of the first four marginal moments and correlations. The joint distribution is constructed by decomposing the multivariate problem into univariate ones, and using an iterative procedure that combines simulation, Cholesky decomposition and various transformations to achieve the correct correlations without changing the marginal moments.With the algorithm, we can generate 1000 one-period scenarios for 12 random variables in 16 seconds, and for 20 random variables in 48 seconds, on a Pentium III machine. 相似文献