直角屋脊棱镜与立方角锥棱镜的光学特性

在光学工程应用方面,常利用棱镜对光路的折转作用,完成一定的转像、检测和测量等工作。在实际应用中,考虑到棱镜加工误差对光轴产生的影响,应用动态光学理论及推导公式,分别给出直角屋脊棱镜与立方角锥棱镜的作用矩阵、特征方向和极值轴向,得出2种棱镜光轴偏差的数学模型。根据实际加工误差,进一步推导出2棱镜的理论误差,并对2棱镜的理论误差进行比较。最后得出可以用直角屋脊棱镜代替立方角锥棱镜的结论。     

平屋盖风压分布的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程和RSM模型对平屋面的风压分布进行了数值模拟,在此基础上系统研究了风向角、跨高比、地面粗糙度、风速等因素对屋面风压分布的影响,探讨了结构周围流场的绕流特性,最后根据屋面的结构形式及风压分布特点将屋面进行分区,给出了屋面在不同风向角下的分区风载体型系数以供工程设计参考。     

雨载作用下浮顶结构有限元分析的载荷修正法

浮顶结构的受力与变形之间存在着非线性的耦合关系,这给计算分析带来了很大的麻烦。为了解决这一问题,本文提出了单盘式浮顶结构在雨水载荷作用下有限元分析的载荷修正计算方法。通过对浮顶结构力学模型的分析,建立了浮顶结构载荷与单盘挠度之间的关系式,并基于这一关系式给出了浮顶结构有限元分析的载荷修正法和相应计算方案。载荷修正法的基本思想是,首先利用有限元方法对浮顶结构进行几何大变形非线性分析,然后通过迭代修正来调整载荷大小,使得计算得到的载荷与挠度满足给定关系式,最终获得浮顶结构的变形与受力情况。最后,将计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,验证了本文提出的计算方法的有效性和可靠性,为浮顶结构的进一步有限元分析打下基础。     

双曲面屋盖的平均风压特点

通过风洞模拟实验对双曲面形屋盖的平均风荷载特点进行了研究.文中给出了屋盖的平均风荷载随风向角改变的变化特点和规律,特别讨论产生这些特点的原因及其流动机理.结果表明,在所有风向角下,双曲面屋盖除了在位于下游的边缘的挑檐位置外,都是负压分布.局部负压最大值主要出现在迎风挑檐的边缘部分.虽然屋盖的局部负压峰值随风向角改变,位置和数值变化都很大,然而,作为屋盖整体,平均风压平均值随风向角的变化很小.有关结果为类似建筑项目的风荷载设计和相应规范的制定和修改提供了有用的信息和材料.     

Nonlinear vibrations of cantilevered circular cylindrical shells in contact with quiescent fluid

Large-amplitude vibrations of liquid-filled cantilevered (clamped–free) circular cylindrical tanks are studied theoretically for the first time. The influence of liquid height and initial geometric imperfections is investigated in detail. The tank motions are described by a nonlinear model based on Flügge׳s shell theory, and the liquid motions are modelled by means of linearized potential flow theory. Equations of motion are obtained using the extended Hamilton׳s principle and are discretized by expanding the solution with trigonometric functions in the circumferential direction and the cantilevered beam eigenfunctions in the axial direction. The geometric boundary conditions are satisfied exactly, while the natural ones are satisfied in an energy minimization sense. The system is integrated numerically by employing the appropriate modal composition of the solution to guarantee convergence. Results are presented in the form of frequency–response curves in the neighbourhood of the lowest natural frequency. It is found that the response may be of softening or hardening type, depending on the liquid height and the imperfection parameters.     

高瓦斯综采面顶板覆岩卸压抽放瓦斯试验研究

针对我国高瓦斯低透气性煤层瓦斯预抽效果差的特点，在分析煤炭回采过程中顶板覆岩卸压移动规律基础上，提出了利用采动煤层顶板覆岩卸压裂隙发育特征，实施覆岩卸压区走向长钻孔抽放瓦斯。实践证明，顶板走向长钻孔覆岩卸压瓦斯抽放是解决低透气煤层瓦斯抽放率低的有效方法，回采面的瓦斯抽放率在20％以上；分析了顶板覆岩结构及关键层层位对覆岩移动规律的影响，给出了顶板走向长钻孔卸压抽放的合理布置区域。     

Pore-water anomalies in gas hydrate-bearing sediments of the deeper continental margins: Facts and problems

Naturally occurring gas hydrates, discovered under the deeper parts of the continental margins (generally below 500 m water depth) during the Deep Sea Drilling Project and the Ocean Drilling Program, impregnate terrigenous sediments 0.5 to 1 km thick. They form from biogenic as well as thermogenic hydrocarbon gases and are associated with characteristic chemical and isotopic anomalies in the pore waters resulting from hydrate decomposition. Typical downward trends derived from water samples squeezed on board ship show decreasing chlorinity coupled with increases in the heavy oxygen and hydrogen isotopes resulting from the combined effects of sediment compaction and salt and isotope fractionation by hydrates. Carbon isotopes can be used to differentiate between biogenic ( ¹³C < –55) and thermogenic ( ¹³C > –559) gas hydrates except where acetate-derived methane is involved. Smooth downward trends in the chemical and isotopic anomalies suggest steady increases in the proportion of hydrates among the pore-filling substances. Spikes are attributed to high local hydrate concentrations (or massive hydrate layers or nodules). Problems encountered in delineating the detailed relationships between hydrate occurrence and pore-water anomalies concern (i) the roof-effect of a hydrate zone which should be marked by a positive Cl^– and a negative ¹⁸O anomaly (the opposite of the hydrate decomposition effect) (ii) the composition ofin-situ pore waters from within hydrate zones; (iii) the suppression of a positive ¹⁸O hydrate-decomposition anomaly due to superposition of other oxygen-isotope fractionation effects (such as volcanic glass alteration); and (iv) the non-linear correlation between Cl^– depletion and¹⁸O enrichment, and the magnitude of the¹⁸O enrichment. The hydrate-decomposition mechanism still provides the most successful explanation for the chemical and isotopic porewater anomalies observed in hydrate-bearing sediments, but the problems encountered underscore the urgency for future research through deep-sea drilling in hydrate zones.Dedicated to Dr D. W. Davidson in honor of his great contributions to the sciences of inclusion phenomena.     

磁场对不同温度场中输流悬臂碳纳米管动态特性的影响

本文在采用经典欧拉-伯努利梁模型的基础上,引入考虑小尺度效应的非局部弹性理论,着重研究不同温度场中输流悬臂单层碳纳米管系统（SWCNT）在外加纵向磁场作用下的颤振失稳问题。基于哈密顿原理获得了该流固耦合系统的振动控制方程及相应的边界条件,应用微分变换法（DTM法）求解此高阶偏微分方程,通过数值计算研究了不同温度场中施加纵向磁场对系统动力学特性的影响。结果表明：施加纵向磁场在不同温度场中都将增强输流悬臂碳纳米管的动态稳定性。然而,这种增强程度却与温度场的变化量有关,在不同温度变化量下,磁场对系统稳定性的增强程度有一个峰值,这意味着,实际应用中,为了提高这类流固耦合系统的动态稳定性,一味提高纵向磁场强度并不可取。     

一种具有新型动力放大器压电悬臂梁俘能器计算模型和解析解

为了提高压电振动能量俘获的效率,提出了一种新型的压电悬臂梁俘能器。新的压电俘能器在悬臂梁固定端安装一个新型动力放大器系统,另一端带有一个有限尺寸的质量块。新型动力放大器由平移及转动约束的弹簧-质量块系统组成。考虑有限尺寸质量块的质量分布效应和平移及转动约束的弹簧刚度等结构参数的影响,利用广义Hamilton原理,针对带有新型动力放大器的压电式悬臂梁俘能器,建立了分布参数型运动微分方程,获得了相应的特征函数,分析了自振频率和能量俘获效果。分析结果表明,考虑质量块偏心距和转动惯量可提高能量俘获效率的预测精度;合理选择动力放大器的平移及转动弹簧刚度可提高能量俘获的效率,降低俘能器的共振频率。     

露天爆破震动诱发地下洞室顶板失稳的非线性机理分析

开挖爆破是诱发工程岩体失稳的重要因素.根据露天与地下联合开采特点,将地下洞室顶板简化为水平简支梁,基于非线性理论分析方法建立了露天爆破震动扰动诱发地下洞室顶板失稳的突变理论模型,导出了其失稳判据条件和临界安全厚度,探讨了爆破震动幅值、主频、围岩特性等主要因素对地下洞室顶板临界安全厚度的影响.以甘肃厂坝铅锌矿群采空区顶板安全厚度分析为例,计算得到了露天与地下采场之间顶板的临界安全厚度.研究结果表明:露天爆破扰动诱发地下洞室顶板失稳过程具有非线性和不连续性特征,顶板临界安全厚度不仅取决于岩体工程特性,而且与爆破震动幅值、主频等多重因素有关,这与实际情况是吻合的.