FLOOD ROUTING MODELS IN CONFLUENT AND DIVIDING CHANNELS

By introducing a water depth connecting formula, the hydraulic equations in the dividing channel system were coupled and the relation of discharge distribution between the branches of the dividing channels can be yielded. In this manner, a numerical model for the confluent channels was established to study the variation of backwater effects with the parameters in the channel junction. The meeting of flood peaks in the mainstream and tributary can be analyzed with this model. The flood peak meeting is found to be a major factor for the extremely high water level in the mainstream during the 1998 Yangtze River flood. Subsequently the variations of discharge distribution and water level with channel parameters between each branch in this system were studied as well. As a result, flood evolution caused by Jingjiang River shortcut and sediment deposition in the entrance of dividing channels of the Yangtze River may be qualitatively elucidated. It is suggested to be an effective measure for flood mitigation to enhance regulation capability of reservoirs available upstream of the tributaries and harness branch entrance channels.     

Atmospheric oxidative catalyst-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes with N-hydroxyimides

Cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions of aldehydes with N-hydroxyimidates such as N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHSI), N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) under catalyst-free conditions is described. Moreover, the desired products can be obtained simply by recrystallization from ethanol. This method is also applicable to the synthesis of amides in excellent yields. A radical mechanism of the type shown in Scheme 4 is proposed based upon the inhibition of the reaction in the presence of TEMPO.     

黄河上游水体中重金属分布特征及重金属污染指数研究

为了研究黄河上游地区水体中重金属含量分布特征及评价该区域重金属污染水平,分别于2014年4月(枯水期)和10月(平水期),在12个采样点采集了24个黄河表层水样。由电感耦合等离子质谱仪ICP-MS测量水样中As,Cd,Cr,Co,Cu,Mn,Ni,Pb和Zn的含量,并确定黄河上游水体中重金属分布特征和重金属污染指数。结果显示枯水期重金属的平均浓度顺序是：Cr(18.56 μg·L-1)>As(2.95 μg·L-1)>Ni(1.87 μg·L-1)>Mn(1.20 μg·L-1)>Cu(1.12 μg·L-1)>Zn(0.59 μg·L-1)>Pb(0.08 μg·L-1)>Cd(0.01 μg·L-1),平水期的重金属平均浓度顺序是：Mn(596.89 μg·L-1)>Zn(52.46 μg·L-1)>Cu(36.27 μg·L-1)>Ni(25.11 μg·L-1)>Cr(23.19 μg·L-1)>Pb(19.51 μg·L-1)>As(7.30 μg·L-1)>Cd(0.37 μg·L-1)。将重金属含量测定结果与中国和国际水质参考值以及同地区丰水期重金属含量数据进行了比较,结果显示Cr,Mn,Pb和Cu含量高于标准值。同时,用重金属污染指数(HPI)评估所有金属对整个水体的影响,结果表明各选点枯水期HPI值为6.46～11.95,平水期HPI为4.53～210.53。两个季节的重金属分布特征和HPI都显示了明显的季节性变化。研究结果表明黄河研究流域水体重金属含量及HPI均显示平水期重金属污染程度较枯水期高,可能与季节性生产及降水变化有关。研究结果可为相关部门制定环保政策提供可信的实验数据和理论依据。     

汉江下游武汉段河漫滩沉积物吸附磷的特征

研究了汉江下游武汉段河漫滩7个沉积物的吸附特征及温度和扰动强度对磷吸附等温线的影响，用改进的Langmuir模型和Freundlish模型对实验吸附数据进行拟合，可得到最大吸附容量（Qmax）、原有吸附可交换态磷（NAP）、临界磷平衡浓度（EPC0）和固-液分配系数（Kp）的值．结果表明，改进的Langmuir模型更适用于描述汉江河漫滩沉积物的吸附特征，其物理意义更明确；Kp与Qmax呈较好的线性关系；沉积物吸附和解吸磷能力与温度变化一致；沉积物在等温吸附磷过程中，固体浓度效应在强扰动强度（200r／min）时最强。弱扰动强度（150r／min）时次之，中扰动强度（100r／min）时最弱．     

长江三角洲城市体系中不同等级城市用地空间结构演变——以上海、杭州、无锡、慈溪为例

以多时相Landsat MSS、TM和ETM影像为数据源,利用遥感和GIS手段,提取不同等级城市（上海市、杭州市、无锡市和慈溪市）1979年、1990年、1995年、2000年和2005年5个时相的城市用地信息,分析了城市体系中不同等级城市用地空间结构演变特征.结果表明,不同等级城市的空间结构演变过程和扩展特征各不相同.     

Modelling the impact of wind stress and river discharge on Danshuei River plume

A three-dimensional, time-dependent, baroclinic, hydrodynamic and salinity model, UnTRIM, was performed and applied to the Danshuei River estuarine system and adjacent coastal sea in northern Taiwan. The model forcing functions consist of tidal elevations along the open boundaries and freshwater inflows from the main stream and major tributaries in the Danshuei River estuarine system. The bottom friction coefficient was adjusted to achieve model calibration and verification in model simulations of barotropic and baroclinic flows. The turbulent diffusivities were ascertained through comparison of simulated salinity time series with observations. The model simulation results are in qualitative agreement with the available field data.     

A MODEL OF CHINOOK SALMON POPULATION DYNAMICS INCORPORATING SIZE‐SELECTIVE EXPLOITATION AND INHERITANCE OF POLYGENIC CORRELATED TRAITS

Abstract Concern regarding the potential for selective fisheries to degrade desirable characteristics of exploited fish populations is growing worldwide. Although the occurrence of fishery‐induced evolution in a wild population has not been irrefutably documented, considerable theoretical and empirical evidence for that possibility exists. Environmental conditions influence survival and growth in many species and may mask comparatively subtle trends induced by selective exploitation, especially given the evolutionarily short time series of data available from many fisheries. Modeling may be the most efficient investigative tool under such conditions. Motivated by public concern that large‐mesh gillnet fisheries may be altering Chinook salmon in western Alaska, we constructed a stochastic model of the population dynamics of Chinook salmon. The model contained several individually based components and incorporated size‐selective exploitation, assortative mating, size‐dependent female fecundity, density‐dependent survival, and the heritability of size and age. Substantial reductions in mean size and age were observed under all scenarios. Concurrently reducing directional selection and increasing spawning abundance was most effective in stimulating population recovery. Use of this model has potential to improve our ability to investigate the consequences of selective exploitation and aid development of improved management strategies to more effectively sustain fish and fisheries into the future.     

CLIMATE CHANGE AND COOPERATION IN TRANSBOUNDARY WATER SHARING: AN APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC STACKELBERG DIFFERENTIAL GAMES IN VOLTA RIVER BASIN

Abstract As multiple countries share a river, the likelihood of conflicts over distributing water resources increases, particularly under the effects of climate change. In this paper, we demonstrate how countries can cooperate in sustainable transboundary water sharing under such conditions. We examine the case of water distribution in the Volta Basin of West Africa between the upstream country, Burkina Faso, and the downstream country, Ghana. The latter faces an additional tradeoff between the production of hydropower in the south, close to the outlet of the basin, and agricultural water use in the reservoir’s catchment area in the north. In the framework of a stochastic Stackelberg differential game, we show how sustainable water‐sharing agreements can be achieved by linking transboundary flows to hydropower exports. Our results indicate that, through cooperation, Ghana will have an opportunity to increase its water abstraction for agriculture, which has remained largely restricted. We also find that the equilibrium strategies for the long‐run distribution are stable even with increasing variances of water flow.     

二维动床泥沙数学模型在“单向冲刷”江道中的应用——以曹娥江为例

2008年底曹娥江河口大闸建成并开始试运行,大闸的兴建阻挡了钱塘江潮流的上朔.平时大闸关闸挡潮,阻挡外海泥沙进入上游江道;洪水期开闸放水,逐步带出建闸前淤积在河床上的泥沙.闸上江道的冲淤特性由建闸前的“洪冲枯淤”转变为建闸后的“单向冲刷”,泥沙运动规律的改变将会加剧水流对两岸防洪堤的冲刷,也会对沿江涉水工程（如跨江大桥）的安全造成不同程度的影响.应用二维动床泥沙数学模型,考虑曹娥江大闸调度原则,并按水文年（1962～2005年）重演方式,对建闸后闸上江道冲淤演变情况进行了长系列反演计算,同时对堤防可能的险工险段及河床最大冲深进行了预测,可供相关部门和单位在工程设计、施工过程中参考使用.     

Sensitivity of plume dynamics to the parameterization of vertical mixing

A three‐dimensional primitive equation, baroclinic numerical model incorporating a range of turbulence closure schemes is used to investigate the effects of vertical diffusion of momentum and density upon the spread of a freshwater plume, with particular reference to the Ebro plume. Initial calculations show that there are some differences in the horizontal spread and vertical mixing of the plume when diffusion coefficients are computed from a two‐equation turbulence energy model compared with a one‐equation model. To understand results from the turbulence energy models, the sensitivity of the plume dynamics to variations in the coefficient of vertical eddy viscosity and diffusivity is also considered, with increases in these parameters having a significant effect upon the cross‐shore and along‐shore spread of the plume. Also, increasing these parameters changes the plume characteristics from supercritical to subcritical and reduces the occurrence of meandering and baroclinic instability along the plume's off‐shore edge. However, differences in the southerly spread (the direction of Kelvin wave propagation in the model) of the plume (although not its northerly spread) produced by changes in diffusion coefficients are small compared with the influence of changes in the bottom slope, upon the along‐shore southerly spread of the plume, which moves in the direction of Kelvin wave propagation in the near coastal region. Results from the series of calculations are used as a guide in experimental design, with reference to a planned experiment in the Ebro region involving a coastal HF Radar deployment, as well as off‐shore measurements. Calculations suggest that surface current measurements from a coastal HF Radar, together with a detailed survey of the density field associated with the plume, may be an appropriate, although indirect, means of determining suitable mixing coefficients to use in plume discharge problems. Detailed measurements of water depth variation will also be required. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.