Simulation of the expansion of a crystal heated by an ultrashort laser pulse

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of expansion of quickly heated Lennard-Jones (LJ) crystalline thin film is performed. The heating time is assumed to be much shorter than the characteristic expansion time. Such situation occurs when a femtosecond laser pulse is absorbed by a crystal. We established that plastic rarefaction wave is formed and propagates from the vacuum boundary into solid.     

A nonlinear threshold model applied to spallation analysis

Spallation in heterogeneous media is a complex, dynamic process. Generally speaking, the spallation process is relevant to multiple scales and the diversity and coupling of physics at different scales present two fundamental difficulties for spallation modeling and simulation. More importantly, these difficulties can be greatly enhanced by the disordered heterogeneity on multi-scales. In this paper, a driven nonlinear threshold model for damage evolution in heterogeneous materials is presented and a trans-scale formulation of damage evolution is obtained. The damage evolution in spallation is analyzed with the formulation. Scaling of the formulation reveals that some dimensionless numbers govern the whole process of deformation and damage evolution. The effects of heterogeneity in terms of Weibull modulus on damage evolution in spallation process are also investigated.     

基于中国散裂中子源反角白光中子束线的天然锂中子全截面测量

锂是熔盐堆燃料载体盐的主要材料之一,其中子核反应截面数据是熔盐堆芯中子物理设计及堆芯长期安全运行中的重要基础数据.本工作基于中国散裂中子源反角白光中子束线(CSNS Back-n)飞行时间谱仪,利用中子全截面测量谱仪(NTOX),采用透射法测量了天然锂中子全截面.实验中,中子飞行距离约为76.0 m,采用15.0 mm和8.00 mm两种厚度的天然锂金属样品,在0.4 e V—20 Me V中子能量范围内测得了统计计数较好的中子全截面.特别是在ke V及以下能区增补了实验数据,为锂的核数据评价工作提供了更加丰富和可靠的实验数据.在此基础上,采用1/v律和R矩阵理论对Me V以下能区的新测量数据进行了理论分析,获得了7Li和6Li在260 ke V能量附近的中子共振参数.     

Intense radioactive-ion beams produced with the ISOL method

For fifty years the isotope separation on-line (ISOL) technique has been used for the production of radioactive-ion beams (RIBs). Thick-target ISOL facilities can provide very intense RIBs for a wide range of applications. The important design parameters for an ISOL facility are efficiency, rapidity and selectivity of all steps of the separation process. To achieve the anticipated beam intensities with the next-generation RIB facilities, the production rate in the ISOL target has to be increased by orders of magnitude. This is only possible by adapting the projectile beam for optimum production cross-sections and simultaneously minimizing the target heating due to the electronic stopping power of charged-particle projectiles. ISOL beams of 75 different elements have been produced up to now and further beam development is under way to produce a still greater variety of isotopes and to improve existing beams in intensity and purity. Received: 21 March 2002 / Accepted: 16 May 2002 / Published online: 31 October 2002 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: Ulli.Koster@cern.ch     

Measurement of neutron-induced activation cross-sections using spallation source at JINR and neutronic validation of the Dubna code

A beam of 1 GeV proton coming from Dubna Nuclotron colliding with a lead target surrounded by 6 cm paraffin produces spallation neutrons. A Th-foil was kept on lead target (neutron spallation source) in a direct stream of neutrons for activation and other samples of ¹⁹⁷Au, ²⁰⁹Bi, ⁵⁹Co, ¹¹⁵In and ¹⁸¹Ta were irradiated by moderated beam of neutrons passing through 6 cm paraffin moderator. The gamma spectra of irradiated samples were analyzed using gamma spectrometry and DEIMOS software to measure the neutron cross-section. For this purpose neutron fluence at the positions of samples is also estimated using PREPRO software. The results of cross-sections for reactions ²³²Th(n, γ), ²³²Th(n, 2n), ¹⁹⁷Au(n, γ), ¹⁹⁷Au(n, α), ¹⁹⁷Au(n, xn), ⁵⁹Co(n, α), ⁵⁹Co(n, xn), ¹⁸¹Ta(n, γ) and ¹⁸¹Ta(n, xn) are given in this paper. Neutronics validation of the Dubna Cascade Code is also done using cross-section data by other experiments.      

Dynamic responses of a solid wall in contact with a bubbly liquid excited by thermal shock loading

Several MW-class spallation neutron sources are being developed in the world. Specifically, intensive and high energy protons are injected into heavy liquid metals (mercury, lead or lead-bismuth eutectic) to induce the spallation reaction that produces neutrons. At the moment when the proton beams are injected, thermal shock occurs in the liquid metal, causing pressure waves to propagate in the liquid metal, collide against the container and damage it.It is proposed that microbubbles are injected into the liquid metal to mitigate the impulsive pressure waves by means of absorption and attenuation effects. These effects are dependent on the relationship between bubble size and the rate of pressure increase. In the present experiment, a very rapid rise in pressure in the order of MPa/μs, equivalent to the rise in pressure due to proton beam injection, was simulated by the electric discharge method in a water loop test to investigate the impulsive pressure mitigation effect of injected microbubbles. The solid wall response was measured using an accelerometer, and the dynamic responses of microbubbles were observed using an ultra-high-speed camera filming at 5 × 10⁵ frame/s. The sound velocity in bubbly water was estimated using a differential image technique. It was confirmed from the experimental results that microbubbles are effective in reducing impulsive pressure waves and to suppressing the impact vibration of the solid wall in contact with the liquid.     

Research into accelerator driven systems using particle track detectors

In the interaction of relativistic protons with heavy and extended targets such as lead, large number of neutrons is produced in the course of the so-called spallation process. These neutrons can be used to drive a sub-critical nuclear assembly for energy generation and/or for the transmutation of the long-lived nuclear waste isotopes to environmentally safer nuclear species. Such nuclear assemblies are referred to as accelerator driven systems (ADS).

Knowledge of the neutron yield in the spallation process and an understanding of the behaviour of these neutrons in the desired sub-critical assembly are the most important and determining factors in the design and operation of these systems. Many parameters related to the neutronics of an ADS can be studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively using solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD). In some circumstances SSNTDs provide the best and the most logical detector option for these investigations.

In this paper applications of the SSNTDs into research related to ADS are discussed and some experimental and theoretical results presented.     

微裂纹串级连接及临界破坏

对一铝合金材料层裂过程的实验研究发现，当损伤累积到一定程度时，受损材料的残余强度突然丧失，表现出临界破坏现象。层裂表面具有分形特征，其分形断面的形成归因于大量微裂纹的串级连接。据此提出了一重正化群弱面模型，并对损伤演化后期的临界破坏现象进行了初步的分析和探讨。     

Analysis of radiation environmental safety for China's Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)

The China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)is going to be located in Dalang Town,Dongguan City in the Guangdong Province.In this paper we report the results of the parameters related with environment safety based on experiential calculations and Monte Carlo simulations.The main project of the accelerator is an under ground construction.On top there is a 0.5 m concrete and 5.0 m soil covering for shielding,which can reduce the dose out of the tunnel's top down to 0.2 μSv/h.For the residents on the boundary of the CSNS,the dose produced by skyshine,which is caused by the penetrated radiation leaking from the top of the accelerator,is no more than 0.68 μSv/a.When CSNS is operating normally,the maximal annual effective dose due to the emission of gas from the tunnel is 2.40×10-3 mSv/a to the public adult,and 2.29×10-3 mSv/a to a child,both values are two orders of magnitude less than the limiting value for control and management.CSNS may give rise to an activation of the soil and groundwater in the nearest tunnels,where the main productions are 3H,7Be,22Na,54Mn,etc.But the specific activity is less than the exempt specific activity in the national standard GB13376-92.So it is safe to say that the environmental impact caused by the activation of soil and groundwater is insignificant.To sum up,for CSNS,as a powerful neutron source device,driven by a high-energy high-current proton accelerator,a lot of potential factors affecting the environment exist.However,as long as effective shieldings for protection are adopted and strict rules are drafted,the environmental impact can be kept under control within the limits of the national standard.     

Preparation and characteristics of three-layer YSZ-(YSZ/Al2O3)-YSZ TBCs

Novel three-layer YSZ-(YSZ/Al₂O₃)-YSZ (6 wt.% Y₂O₃ partially stabilized ZrO₂) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) were successfully prepared on Ni-based superalloy substrate using composite sol-gel and pressure filtration microwave sintering (PFMS) techniques. The coatings were evaluated for the cyclic oxidation resistance, thermal barrier effect and the presences of phases and microstructures. FE-SEM results indicate that the coatings were dense and crack-free. The coatings maintained their structural integrity when they were exposed at 1100 for 100 h. They exhibited superior oxidation resistance, spallation resistance and thermal insulation property compared with single-layer YSZ coatings. Moreover, the detailed mechanisms were discussed in order to understand the improved performance of the three-layer TBCs.