Are the Elements Elementary? Nineteenth-Century Chemical and Spectroscopical Answers

We analyze the role and influence of a tradition of research linked to the concept of primary matter in nineteenth-century studies on the nature of the elements.The suggestion of William Prout (1785-1850) in 1816 that the atomic weights of pure chemical elements are whole numbers and multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen, taken as unity, was met with serious confutations,which in turn prompted several attempts to save Prouts hypothesis.We discuss these attempts in detail and the objections raised against them, for instance by Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907). We pay particular attention to the use of spectroscopy as a method for proving the existence of elementary forms of matter inside atoms. Leaders in this field of research were two English scientists, the astrophysicist Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) and the chemist William Crookes (1832- 1919). Both of their approaches involved the idea of primary matter. However, while Crookess approach proved to be incorrect, Lockyers ideas survived for several years and supported the discovery of the electron by J.J.Thomson (1856-1940).     

On a Riemann hypothesis analogue for selfdual weight enumerators of genus less than 3

In this contribution the Riemann hypothesis analogue presented by Iwan Duursma is considered. Whether the analogue for a given selfdual code holds depends on its Hamming weight enumerator. A necessary and sufficient condition is provided in the case of genus less than 3 for the homogeneous polynomials in two variables invariant under the MacWilliams transform. Also the case of half integral genus is studied and similar results are obtained.     

一类单参数假设检验拒绝域的直观构造法

本文提出直观法的理论 ,举出用直观法构造单参数假设检验拒绝域的应用实例 ,并得出构造形如 ( * )式的检验拒绝域的一种方法     

一种改进的单位根检验程序

原假设的合理设定是单位根检验的首要问题,至今尚无学者对此进行深入研究。通过剖析以往单位根检验原假设设定存在的缺陷,在同时考虑原假设的可信度和检验可靠性的前提下,本文提出了单位根检验原假设的一种合理的设定策略及改进的检验程序。     

Standard-Model Tests with Superallowed β-Decay: An Important Application of Very Precise Mass Measurements

Superallowed β-decay provides a sensitive means for probing the limitations of the Electroweak Standard Model. To date, the strengths (ft-values) of superallowed 0⁺→0⁺ β-decay transitions have been determined with high precision from nine different short-lived nuclei, ranging from ¹⁰C to ⁵⁴Co. Each result leads to an independent measure for the vector coupling constant G _V and collectively the nine values can be used to test the conservation of the weak vector current (CVC). Within current uncertainties, the results support CVC to better than a few parts in 10,000 - a clear success for the Standard Model! However, when the average value of G _V, as determined in this way, is combined with data from decays of the muon and kaon to test another prediction of the Standard Model, the result is much more provocative. A test of the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix fails by more than two standard deviations. This result can be made more definitive by experiments that require extremely precise mass measurements, in some cases on very short-lived (≤100 ms) nuclei. This talk presents the current status and future prospects for these Standard-Model tests, emphasizing the role of precise mass, or mass-difference measurements. There remains a real challenge to mass-measurement technique with the opportunity for significant new results. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A failure of a class of K-BKZ equations based on principal stretches

The invariants in the K-BKZ constitutive equation for an incompressible viscoelastic fluid are usually taken to be the trace of the Finger strain tensor and its inverse. The basis for this choice of invariants is not derived from the K-BKZ theory, but rather is due to the perception that this is the most natural choice. Research into using other sets of invariants in the K-BKZ equation, such as the principal stretches or the eigenvalues of the Finger strain tensor (i.e., the squares of the principal stretches) is relatively new. We attempt here to derive a K-BKZ equation based on the squares of the principal stretches that models the behavior of a low-density polyethylene melt in simple shear and uniaxial elongational deformation. In doing so, two assumptions are made as to the form of the strain-dependent energy function: first, that there is a function f(q) such that the energy function can be written as the sum of f(q _i ),i = 1, 2, 3, where the q _i 'sare the squares of the principal stretches, and second that f is a power law. We find that the K-BKZ equation resulting from these two assumptions is inadequate to describe both the shear and elongational behavior of our material and we conclude that the second of the above assumptions is not valid. Further investigation, including predictions of the second normal stress difference and some finite element calculations reveals that the first assumption is also invalid for our material.     

Langmuir-Hinshelwood 动力学的有效实验条件

 使用 Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) 动力学的学者大部分未注意到该动力学包含了所有吸附物种采用拟稳态假设的隐含条件, 因而他们通常忽视了确认实验条件是否允许采用拟稳态假设. 然而, 对于大部分气固催化反应, 拟稳态假设的成立需基于催化活性位浓度很小的前提. 对于催化活性位浓度高的反应体系, 其覆盖度较高的吸附物种不满足拟稳态假设. 因此, 在这种情况下通过实验测定的动力学常数没有物理意义, 而仅为该实验条件下的数学回归参数. 本文将活性位浓度小于最高反应气浓度的十分之一视为拟稳态假设成立的充分条件, 通过估算发现许多催化剂并不满足该条件.     

Infinite-dimensional 4-manifold of finite cohomological dimension under the continuum hypothesis

Under the assumption of the continuum hypothesis, a differentiable 4-manifoldM of dimension dimM=∞ and cohomological dimension cA—dimM=4 is constructed. The spaceM is perfectly normal and hereditarily separable. Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 66, No. 5, pp. 664–670, November, 1999.     

假设检验中p值的灵活运用

给出假设检验中p值的定义以及双边检验p值与单边检验p值的关系,介绍了利用p值将三种检验同时进行的方法及意义,最后给出应用实例.     

Study on the behavior of oscillating solitons using the (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear system

By means of an extended homogeneous balance method and a variable separation hypothesis, a broad general variable separation solution with three specific arbitrary functions of the nonlinear (2+1)-dimensional Broer-Kaup (BK) equations was derived. Based on the derived solution, a number of abundant oscillating solitons, such as dromion, multi-dromion, solitoff, ring, multi-lump and so on, have been revealed in this study by selecting appropriate functions of the general variable separation solution.