Laccase cross-linking of sonicated α-Lactalbumin improves physical and oxidative stability of CLA oil in water emulsion

α-lactalbumin was modified by ultrasound (US, 20 kHz, 43 ± 3.4 W/cm⁻²) pre-treatments (0, 15, 30 and 60 min) and laccase cross-linking of sonicated α-lactalbumin was used to evaluate the physical and oxidative stability of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) emulsions. The emulsions prepared with laccase cross-linking US-α-lactalbumin (α-lactalbumin treated with US pre-treatment) and US-α-lactalbumin were scrutinized for oxidative and physical stability at room temperature for two weeks of storage. Laccase cross-linking US-α-lactalbumin (Lac-US-α-lactalbumin) revealed improved physical stability in comparison with US-α-lactalbumin, specified by droplet size, structural morphology, adsorbed protein, emulsifying properties and creaming index. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that there was formation of polymers in Lac-US-α-lactalbumin emulsion. Surface hydrophobicity of Lac-US-α-lactalbumin was higher than that of US-α-lactalbumin, and gradually enhanced with the increase of ultrasound time. More importantly, the measurements of peroxide values and conjugated dienes were used to study the oxidative stability of the CLA emulsions. The Lac-US-α-lactalbumin emulsion proved to be reducing the synthesis of fatty acid hydroperoxides and less conjugated dienes compared to the native and US-α-lactalbumin emulsions. This study revealed that the combination of US pre-treatment and laccase cross-linking might be an effective technique for the modification of CLA emulsions.     

介孔SiO2/Fe3O4中空磁性微球的漆酶固定化

以介孔SiO2/Fe3O4磁性中空微球作为载体,采用物理吸附法对漆酶进行固定化,考察了时间、温度和pH值对漆酶固定化效果的影响,并对固定漆酶的活性及稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,介孔SiO2/Fe3O4磁性中空微球吸附漆酶分子后,介孔材料的比表面积与孔体积均减小.在3 h时复合微球对漆酶的吸附达到平衡,复合微球中介孔SiO2对漆酶的有效固定量为689 mg/g,大大高于纯介孔材料MCM-41的漆酶固定量(319 mg/g).在pH=3～6的条件下,复合微球中固定漆酶仍保持70%以上的相对酶活.当温度不高于60℃时,固定漆酶的相对酶活仍保持65%以上.固定漆酶的pH稳定性和热稳定性都明显优于游离漆酶,固定漆酶的米氏常数为1.05 mmol/L,与游离漆酶相比,固定漆酶与底物的亲和力有所降低.当2,4-二氯苯酚的浓度为10 mg/L时,固定漆酶对其去除率在6 h时达到81.6%,表现出很好的催化活性.     

漆酶催化邻苯二酚开环的自由基反应机制

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions are a prominent field of research in green chemistry. Laccase is a multicopper oxidase, which we used to study the oxidation of catechol. A mechanism for this ring-opening reaction is also proposed. A o-benzosemiquinone radical was the initial nascent product of catechol oxidation during the catalytic reaction. This radical underwent two reaction pathways:(1) formation of an intramolecular adduct, which gave a carbon-centered furan-derived radical trapped by 5, 5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO); (2) formation of an intermolecular adduct producing dimeric and trimeric oligomers, as resolved by mass spectrometry. Products of the furan-like intermediate were also characterized by ¹H-NMR. Simultaneously, a hydroxyl radical (·OH) originating from the water solvent was identified by ¹⁷O-isotope tracing. The kinetics of this radical were also evident with substrates including 3-and 4-methyl catechol, but not with resorcinol and hydroquinone isomers, 3-and 4-nitro catechol, and 2, 3-dihydroxynaphthalene. The mechanism of selective activation and ring-opening at the C₄-C₅ site is discussed. This reaction is distinct from intra-and extra-diol ringcleavages catalyzed by catechol dioxygenase. These results are meaningful for mimicking laccase catalysis to further protein design.     

Comparison of TEMPO and its derivatives as mediators in laccase catalysed oxidation of alcohols

A series of TEMPO (2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy) derivatives were studied as mediators of laccase (from Trametes versicolor) in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and 1-phenylethyl alcohol. TEMPO (1), 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (2) and 4-acetylamino-TEMPO (4) turned out to be the most active mediators for laccase. In addition, 4-acetylamino-TEMPO and 4-hydroxy-TEMPO were more active in the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol compared to TEMPO. For these mediators kinetic isotope effects in the range of 2.1-3.2 were observed for α-monodeutero-p-methylbenzyl alcohol oxidation. These values are consistent with a mechanism involving oxoammonium intermediacy. Competition experiments between benzyl alcohol and 1-phenylethanol showed that TEMPO and its derivatives react faster with primary alcohols than with secondary alcohols, also in line with the proposed mechanism.     

过渡金属离子对漆酶催化活性的影响

以2,2＿连氮＿双(3＿乙基苯并噻唑＿6＿磺酸)(ABTS)为底物,在pH＝4.5的条件下,用分光光度法考察了5种金属离子(Fe2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Mn2+、Cu2+)对漆酶催化活性的影响。实验发现Fe2+对漆酶的催化活性显示出抑制作用,并进一步探讨了其抑制特征、抑制位点和作用方式。结果表明,Fe2+对漆酶催化活性抑制属竞争性抑制过程,抑制作用是通过还原ABTS·来实现的。     

粗毛栓菌漆酶的分离纯化及部分性质研究

将一株自筛的粗毛栓菌（Trametes gallic Fr)接种在含有麦草粉的培养基中可获得较高产量的漆酶，此酶可以吸附到DEAE－纤维素上而被直接从发酵液中分离出来。采用DEAE－纤维素柱层析，用含有0.1-0.9mol/L NaCl的磷酸缓冲液（pH4.5)进行梯度洗脱，可以获得较为纯化的漆酶，经研究，该菌株所产漆酶，以邻联甲苯胺为底物，最适pH值为4.0，最适反应温度40℃，Km为0.105mmol/L。     

Catalytic Au Electrodes Based on SAMs of per(6‐deoxy‐6‐thio‐2,3‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin

A three‐step sequential self‐assembly procedure was applied in preparing gold electrodes modified in a stable and controlled way by a monolayer of thiolated β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), with methylene blue (MB) included in its cavity as the active component of the monolayer, and octanethiol as the nonelectroactive spacer blocking the electrode surface not occupied by β‐CD. MB acted as a mediator of electrons with respect to a solution soluble analyte, H₂O₂, and provided electrical contact between the electrode and solution resident enzyme, laccase, catalyzing reduction of oxygen to water.     

Immobilization of ABTS – laccase system in silicate based electrode for biolectrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen

Voltametrically stable 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS²⁻) modified electrode was obtained by sol–gel processing of methyltrimethoxysilane based sol with dissolved ABTS²⁻ together with dispersed graphite particles. Next, extracellular laccase from Cerrena unicolor was encapsulated within a thin hydrophilic tetramethoxysilane film on the top the electrode. The obtained ABTS²⁻ modified carbon ceramic electrode exhibits stable voltammetry corresponding to the surface confined oxidation reduction process. The biocatalytic activity of this electrode is similar to that observed when ABTS²⁻ is present in solution.     

Determination of phenolic acids using Trametes versicolor laccase

Two biosensors based on Trametes versicolor laccase (TvL) were developed for the determination of phenolic compounds. Commercial oxygen electrode and ferrocene-modified screen-printed graphite electrodes were used for preparation of laccase biosensors. The systems were calibrated for three phenolic acids. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range 0.1-1.0 μM caffeic acid, 0.05-0.2 μM ferulic acid, 2.0-14.0 μM syringic acid for laccase immobilised on a commercial oxygen electrode and 2.0-30.0 μM caffeic acid, 2.0-10.0 μM ferulic acid, 4.0-30.0 μM syringic acid for laccase immobilised on ferrocene-modified screen-printed electrodes. Furthermore, optimal pH, temperature and thermal stability studies were performed with the commercial oxygen electrode. Both electrodes were used for determination of a class of phenolic acids, achieving a cheap and fast tool and an easy to be used procedure for screening real samples of human plasma.     

Novel laccase redox mediators

The screening of potential redox mediators for laccase was performed using homogeneous enzyme preparations from Coriolus hirsutus and Coriolus zonatus. It was discovered that derivatives of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazolones were efficient substrates for the laccases. The characterization of two representatives of the 1-phenyl-pyrazolone class, sodium 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-methylamino-pyrazolone-5-N(4)-methanesulfonate and 1-(3′-sulfophenyl)-3-methylpyrazolone-5, in the reaction catalyzed by laccase was carried out using spectral, electrochemical, and enzyme kinetics methods. The kinetic parameters for the oxidation of the newly discovered substrates were comparable with those for 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) oxidation by laccase. Electrochemical experiments demonstrated that oxidation of these compounds yielded two high-potential intermediates capable of oxidizing veratryl alcohol, which was used as a lignin model substrate, to the corresponding aldehyde and acid. 1-(3′-Sulfophenyl)-3-methylpyrazolone-5 was about 30–40% as effective in degrading veratryl alcohol compared to ABTS as judged from high-performance liquid chromatography kinetic studies. 1-Phenyl-3-methyl-pyrazolones may be of commerical interest for oxidoreductase-catalyzed biodegradation of organic compounds.