Electroenzymatic reactions with oxygen on laccase-modified electrodes in anhydrous (pure) organic solvent

The electroenzymatic reactions of Trametes hirsuta laccase in the pure organic solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been investigated within the framework for potential use as a catalytic reaction scheme for oxygen reduction. The bioelectrochemical characteristics of laccase were investigated in two different ways: (i) by studying the electroreduction of oxygen in anhydrous DMSO via a direct electron transfer mechanism without proton donors and (ii) by doing the same experiments in the presence of laccase substrates, which display in pure organic solvents both the properties of electron donors as well as the properties of weak acids. The results obtained with laccase in anhydrous DMSO were compared with those obtained previously in aqueous buffer. It was shown that in the absence of proton donors under oxygenated conditions, formation of superoxide anion radicals is prevented at bare glassy carbon and graphite electrodes with adsorbed laccase. The influence of the time for drying the laccase solution at the electrode surface on the electroreduction of oxygen was studied. Investigating the electroenzymatic oxidation reaction of catechol and hydroquinone in DMSO reveals the formation of various intermediates of the substrates with different electrochemical activity under oxygenated conditions. The influence of the content of aqueous buffer in the organic solvent on the electrochemical behaviour of hydroquinone/1,4-benzoquinone couple was also studied.     

Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Copper(II) Complexes with 2,5‐Dichloro‐3,6‐Dihydroxy‐1,4‐Benzoquinone Dianionic and Tetrachloroquinone Ligand

The polynuclear copper(II) complex [Cu₂(Hdpa)₂(μ‐ClDHBQ)(ClO₄)₂]_n, 1 is bridged by ClDHBQ^?2 (2,5‐dichloro‐3,6‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone dianionic) and 2,2′‐dipyridylamine (Hdpa). In the axial position, Cu is connected with the oxygen atom of ClO. The perchlorate anion may be envisaged as a monodentate O‐bound ligand. Through the bond bridge of O–Cu … O–Cl, the binuclear compound [Cu₂(Hdpa)₂(μ‐ClDHBQ)(ClO₄)₂] is strung together into a long chain compound. Tetrachlorocatechol underwent partial oxidation/hydrolysis/dechlorination processes to produce ClDHBQ^?2. The other mononuclear complex [Cu(Hdpa)(TeCQ)](DMF), 2 , in which tetrachloroquinone (TeCQ) was produced by oxidation of tetrachlorocatechol (TeCC), therefore complex 2 is in the quinone form. The magnetic susceptibility measurements show antiferromagnetic coupling with J = ?11.9 cm^?1, θ = 2.6 K, and g = 2.05 for complex 1. Complex 2 exhibits the typical paramagnetic behavior of s = 1/2.     

Optical fiber biosensor coupled to chromatographic separation for screening of dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine in human urine and plasma

An optical fiber biosensor has been developed for the determination of catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine) based on the recognition capacity of the enzyme laccase. In this study, a glass tube constituted by a fused silica fiber coated with a film of polystyrene/divinylbenzene resin (PS/DVB) was used for catecholamines separation. Firstly, the analyzer was tested for calibration and its analytical performance for catecholamines detection was compared with a classical analytical method, namely high performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detector (HPLC-ED). The developed analytical device shows a high potential for catecholamines quantification with a detection limit of 2.1, 2.6 and 3.4 pg mL⁻¹ for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively. The analytical sensitivity, inferred from the slope of the calibration curves established for a range of concentrations between 5 and 125 pg mL⁻¹, was found to be 0.344, 0.252 and 0.140 dB/pg mL⁻¹ for dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine, respectively. Furthermore, catecholamines speciation with the PS/DVB fiber was completely achieved in 3 min. The analytical performance of the reported sensor was also evaluated and found adequate for catecholamines determination in human urine and plasma samples.     

Immobilization of laccase by Cu2+ chelate affinity interaction on surface modified magnetic silica particles and its use for the removal of pentachlorophenol

Magnetic Cu²⁺-chelated silica particles using polyacrylamide as a metal-chelating ligand was developed and used for the immobilization of laccase by coordination.The effect of pH and temperature on the enzymatic property of immobilized laccase and its catalytic capacity for pentachlorophenol（PCP） degradation were evaluated systemically.Compared with free laccase,the immobilized laccase showed improved acid adaptabihty and thermal stability.The immobilized laccase prepared in this work exhibited a good catalytic capacity for PCP removal from aqueous solutions.     

Powerful connection of laccase and carbon nanotubes: Material for mediator-free electron transport on the enzymatic cathode of the biobattery

We describe the preparation of laccase/single-walled carbon nanotube bioconjugates, their application for the modification of electrodes and application of the electrodes as cathodes for the catalytic reduction of oxygen in a hybrid biofuel cell with Zn anode. Carbon nanotubes functionalized with aminoethyl residues, activated and reacted with laccase show high bioelectrocatalytic activity and are promising for the biofuel cell applications. The power density of the cell was 1 mW cm^− 2 at working voltage of 0.8 V. The open circuit voltage of this hybrid cell was as high as 1.5 V.     

Biosensors Based on Laccase for Detection of Commercially Reactive Dyes

The results obtained using Trametes versicolor laccase modified graphite electrodes for detection of eleven different commercially reactive dyes are presented for the first time herein. The increase in current upon injection of the analyzed substrate was shown to be approximated by Michaelis–Menten type dependence. The calculated kinetic constants were used to evaluate the applicability of the laccase modified graphite electrode for the detection of reactive dyes in textile effluents.     

Laccase as a New Enzymatic Label for Enzyme Immunoassay

Abstract

A new immunochemical reagent is suggested containing as an enzyme marker laccase obtained from the cultural liquid of basidial fungi Coriolus hirsutus. The feasibility of immuno-laccase conjugates in different versions of immunoanalysis (sandwich, competitive and indirect enzyme immunoassay) was demonstrated. The assay based on antibodvlaccase conjugates is simpler than that employing antibody-peroxidase conjugates, since in the former case air oxygen is used as the second substrate of the enzymatic reaction.     

Flow-Cell Fibre-Optic Enzyme Sensor for Phenols

Abstract

A solid-state fibre-optic luminescent oxygen sensor was used for flow-through measurements. It acts as a transducer in a new flow-cell enzyme sensor arrangement. This arrangement comprises a flow path, sample injector, microcolumn with the immobilized enzyme, oxygen membrane and fibre-optic connector joined together to form an integral unit. Laccase enzyme was used as a recognition system which provided specific oxidation of the substrates with the dissolved oxygen being monitored. The assay procedure was optimized and performance of the new system studied. The sensor was applied to the determination polyphenol content in tea, brandy, etc. (quality control test). The sensitivity to some important phenolic compounds was tested with the view of industrial wastewater control applications.     

漆酶在纳米金溶胶/多重壁碳纳米管复合载体上固定方法的比较及粒子尺寸效应

以纳米金溶胶（NGS）和多重壁碳纳米管（MWCNTs）的共混物(NGS/MWCNTs)作为固定漆酶的载体,研究了3种固定漆酶方法在酶固定量、比活力上的差异。 研究了不同的固定方法对固定酶热稳定性和重复使用性及纳米金溶胶颗粒粒径对酶固定量和固定酶动力学参数的影响。 实验结果表明,NGS/MWCNTs具有良好的固定漆酶能力和高固酶比活力,NGS/MWCNTs（NGS粒径37 nm）通过简单物理吸附法固定漆酶的量和固酶的比活力最高,分别可达33.80 mg/g和9.433 U/mg。 在NGS-MWCNTs上采用化学键合方法固定的漆酶在70 ℃放置2 h后仍然保持初始活力的75％,重复使用20次后仍保持初始活力的70％。 纳米金溶胶粒子越小（24 nm）,底物和固定漆酶间亲和力越好（KM=0.027 mmol/L）,表观速率常数越大。     

Dioxygen reactivity of laccase

A study was carried out on the dioxygen reactivity of the laccases from Trametes villosa, Rhizoctonia solani, Myceliophthora thermophila, Scytalidium thermophilum, and Coprinus cinereus. At pH 5.5, these laccases showed an apparently constant K _m (about 20–50 μM) for O₂ with either 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) or methyl syringate as the reducing substrate, in contrast to the k _cat , which varied up to 100-fold. O₂ reactivity of the Trametes and Myceliophthora laccases was also studied at various pH and NaF concentrations. The apparent K _m of Trametes and Myceliophthora laccases varied only slightly when pH changed from 3.0 to 8.0 or when the laccases were inhibited by F⁻ at pH 5.5, although the apparent k _cat were more significantly affected by both factors. The dependence of the apparent K _m on the source of laccase, pH, and F⁻ inhibition suggested that the fungal laccases might have a conserved O₂ pocket and that the F⁻ or OH⁻ inhibition might affect the O₂ reduction step (k _cat ) more than the O₂ binding step (K _m ) under steady-state conditions.