聚多巴胺/聚乙烯亚胺共沉积中间层增强薄膜复合正渗透膜性能

以聚多巴胺/聚乙烯亚胺(PDA/PEI)共沉积于三醋酸纤维素(CTA)多孔支撑膜表面形成中间层,再结合界面聚合法获得聚酰胺薄膜,构建了PDA/PEI共沉积中间层改性薄膜复合(TFC)正渗透(FO)膜.通过傅里叶变换衰减全反射红外光谱法、扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、溶质截留法、水接触角仪等研究了PDA/PEI共沉积中间层对CTA膜和TFC膜的表面结构和性质的影响.研究结果表明,PDA/PEI共沉积使得CTA膜表面变得更为平滑,表面孔径减小至(30.0±4.1) nm,且表面孔径分布趋于均一.同时,在PDA/PEI共沉积改性CTA膜表面界面聚合得到的聚酰胺层呈现出更均匀的叶片状结构和优异的亲水性.基于此,具有PDA/PEI共沉积中间层的TFC正渗透膜显著提高了水通量(FO模式:(7.1±2.3) L/(m^2·h)),较空白TFC膜提升了57.6%.同时,中间层改性TFC膜具有更低的反向盐通量(FO模式:1.4±0.1 g/(m^2·h))和"净盐通量"(FO模式:(0.2±0.06) g/L),与空白TFC膜相比分别下降了83.9%和90.6%.说明PDA/PEI共沉积中间层不仅能有效提升TFC正渗透膜的水渗透性,而且大幅提升了膜的截盐性和渗透选择性.     

Blocking of capillaries as fouling mechanism for dead-end ultrafiltration

In this paper plugging of capillaries in the potting is investigated. A lot of research has been done on fouling of the membrane surface (pore blocking, cake filtration) but research on other types of membrane fouling like plugging of capillaries is not so common. Experiments were performed with a lab-scale test installation under constant flux conditions with synthetic feed water containing ferric hydroxide flocks as a fouling component. The experiments showed that during operation capillaries became blocked by fouling plugs. The presence of blockages, especially in the potting at the concentrate side of the capillaries, could not be detected by measuring the clean water resistance. However such blockages did result in an increased forward flush pressure. A combination of the clean water resistance and the forward flush pressure is suitable for determining the fouling of a membrane and the effectiveness of a cleaning procedure. The part of the capillaries in the potting is not backwashed and therefore the hydraulic as well as the chemical cleaning is not efficient at this place.     

无限介质中近场辐射率的P5近似

针对辐射率的漫射近似、P3近似等正向模型在描述小源探距离及低约化反照率介质下光子传输时存在的局限性,推导了用于小源探距离低反照率无限媒质中各向同性稳态点光源下辐射传输方程在P5近似下的解析解,并将P3近似、P5近似计算的辐射率分别和蒙特卡洛模拟结果进行对比.结果表明:在高约化反照率(0.97)条件下,P5近似和蒙特卡洛模拟结果的最大相对误差为13.17%,而P3为41.57%.在低约化反照率(0.69)条件下,最大相对误差分别为27.78%,286.70%.在其他光学参数下,P5近似与蒙特卡洛模拟的最大相对误差均小于P3.在P5适用的范围内舍弃最大特征根相关项,可以简化解析表达式,提高计算速度,且对P5的计算结果影响甚微.稳态辐射率测量系统仿体验证表明,在高、低约化反照率介质中的小源探距离下,由P5近似计算得到的辐射率和实验测量结果相符.     

Envelope viscosity solutions of first- and second-order PDEs with u-dependence

General envelope methods are introduced which may be used to embed equations with u-dependence into equations without solution dependence. Furthermore, these methods present a rigorous way to consider so-called nodal solutions. That is, if w(t,x,z) is the viscosity solution of some pde, the nodal solution of an associated pde is a function u(t,x) so that w(t,x,u(t,x)) = 0. Examples are given to first- and second-order pdes arising in optimal control, differential games, minimal time problems, scalar conservation laws, geometric-type equations, and forward backward stochastic control.     

Forward Osmosis Membranes for Water Reclamation

This review addressed the fundamental principles, advantages and challenges of forward osmosis (FO) membrane processes. FO is receiving more and more research attractions because it can concurrently produce clean water with low energy input and generate hydraulic energy (pressure retarded osmosis). FO typically requires zero or low hydraulic driving pressure, therefore the fouling potential of the FO membranes is much lower than conventional pressure-driven membrane processes. However, concentration polarization (CP), especially the internal CP significantly reduces the effective osmotic pressure across the FO membrane, the major driving force for the filtration process. As a result, innovative FO membrane materials like electrospun nanofibers have been explored to make low tortuosity, high porosity, and thin FO membranes with a high rejection rate of solutes and low or zero diffusion of the draw solute. The orientation of the FO membrane with active layer-facing-feed solution has less fouling than active layer-facing-draw solution. In addition, to further decrease the fouling potential, a hydrophilic and more negatively charged membrane is preferred when filtration of natural organic matter (NOM) or alginate in the absence of multivalent cations.     

Online AL-FEC policy problem on mobile unicast services

Forward error correction (FEC) is a method for error control of data transmission adopted in several mobile multicast standards. FEC is a feedback free error recovery method where the sender introduces redundant data in advance with the source data enabling the recipient to recover from different arbitrary packet losses. Recently, the adoption of FEC error control method has been boosted by the introduction of powerful Application Layer FEC (AL-FEC) codes, e.g. RaptorQ codes. Furthermore, several works have emerged aiming to address the shortcomings of AL-FEC protection application utilizing deterministic or randomized online algorithms to enhance the efficiency of AL-FEC error control method. In this work, since the investigation of AL-FEC application as primary or auxiliary error protection method over mobile multicast environments is a well investigated field but the opportunity of utilizing the AL-FEC over mobile unicast services as the only method for error control replacing common feedback based methods that are now considered to be obsolete, we provide an analysis on the feasibility of AL-FEC protection over unicast delivery utilizing online algorithms in conjunction with AL-FEC codes with exceptional recovery performance.     

Numerical calculation of multiple scattering with the layer model

The optical measurement technique based on Mie scattering has been applied to various areas, in which single scattering at low particle concentration is assumed. Nevertheless, since multiple scattering is usually unavoidable in online measurements, we present in this work a multiple scattering calculation method, in which a layer model is employed. The three-dimensional particle system is divided into a pile of layers the number of which is automatically determined, depending on the obscuration of the particle system. The calculation is found to be fast, reasonable and reliable.     

A Model for the Passive Infrared Detection of Naval Targets through FLIR: Model Description and Preliminary Results Applicable in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea

The maritime environment is a very unique system with respect to the environmental conditions that affect the transmission of electromagnetic energy, and especially the part of the spectrum that falls in the infrared band. This paper proposes an end-to-end model for the detection of ships at the environmental conditions of the eastern Mediterranean Sea, with the use of a Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) system. The model: a) covers the issues regarding the detection and classification of simple model targets in various states of temperature conditions, by applying the Moser and O’Neill criteria, b) takes into account existing environmental conditions, by using data obtained from the Hellenic National Meteorological Service (HNMS) and the British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) for the years 2004–05, and c) uses the LOWTRAN 7 code for the calculation of the transmission through the maritime atmosphere. In the calculation of the atmospheric transmission, turbulence is taken into account through the introduction of a Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), to model the specific phenomenon. The FLIR system is also modeled as a series of MTF functions, with each one of those covering the characteristics of major subsystems of the detection device. Finally, the observer’s MTF is included in the model, and the probability of completing the specific task is calculated and presented for a range of observer to target distances. LOWTRAN computer model generated by the U.S. Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, is now in its 7th version and may be purchased in a PC version from the ONTAR Corporation, 9 Village Way North Andover 01845, Massachusetts. MATLAB and SIMULINK are registered trademarks of The Math Works Inc. 3 Apple Hill Drive, Natick 01760-2098 Massachusetts. S. E. Lagaras is currently pursuing the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering at the National Technical University of Athens.     

Components of the Net Current in Differential Pulse Polarography

As the modern (voltammetric) software packages offer ‘resolution’ of each individual net signal in differential pulse polarography (DPP) to its components, an attempt was made to test such a possibility on several model systems. Reversible and nonreversible reduction processes of simple metal ions (Cd²⁺, Eu³⁺) were included, together with some examples of the anion induced adsorption (Cd²⁺‐I^? and Pb²⁺‐Br^? systems) under conditions of partly or fully covered electrode surface. Taking into account that so called ‘backward’ current is in fact DC wave, it could be said that one technique is hidden within the other. Consequently, DPP measurements together with following of the ‘backward’ signals could give more information and save the time. ‘Forward’ component offers additional possibilities in data treatment, especially when its relationship to the ‘backward’ current (with respect to the potential and height) is taken into account. Such an approach seems promising, even when applied on a purely qualitative level, because some effects which cannot be observed if only the net signals are followed become obvious when their components are taken into consideration.     

基于CMOS探测模拟气泡幕前向光散射动态特性

提出了基于CMOS图像传感器探测前向激光近轴的散射横面角和散射纵面角的概念.使用CMOS采集了模拟气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列,通过计算每帧灰度图像行和列像元均值将其可以用一个列向量和行向量表示,从而图像序列可以用一个图像序列矩阵描述.实验模拟了压强0.005MPa和0.01 MPa产生的气泡幕,通过计算两种压强产生的气泡幕前向光散射图像序列的横向灰度均值和纵向灰度均值,定性分析了100帧图像序列的灰度分布和演化特点,并定量分析了5帧连续图像的动态变化范围和相关性.分析CMOS探测气泡幕前向散射光动态图像序列实验结果表明,随着压强增大,产生气泡幕尺度增大、密度增加、上升速度加快,导致图像序列横向和纵向散射光灰度变化范围增加,并且相邻图像帧之间变化波动幅度增大.