凝胶色谱中宽、窄分子量分布的峰加宽改正问题

本文用宽分布(M_w/M_n=6.3)及窄分布(M_w/M_n=1.22)两种模型函数,改变一系列加宽因子,“合成”了具有不同加宽程度的GPC谱图,然后计算平均分子量并与原模型分子量进行比较,考察分子量分布对峰加宽改正程度的影响.结果表明:分子量分布宽、窄在峰形改正上有着明显差异,窄分布要比宽分布改正得多.但对于分子量平均值来说,宽分布与窄分布的峰加宽改正程度是相同的.因此,通常认为宽分布试样在平均分子量计算时可以忽略峰加宽改正的说法是一种误解。     

季戊四醇丙烯酸酯的宽孔(530μ)弹性石英毛细管柱气相色谱分析

本文报道的方法具有快速、简便、准确的特点。用解联立线性方程求校正因子的方法,在缺少纯标样的场合可推荐应用。对高沸点、强极性体系分析本文有考考价值。     

Ground Layer Adaptive Optics

We will introduce the present knowledge of the turbulence profile and in particular we will emphasise the existence of a turbulence layer close to the ground. Then we will present the concept of Ground Layer Adaptive Optics and will provide estimates of performance expected from such systems and their potential for astronomical applications. Finally we will provide practical implementation concepts for two instruments at the VLT, MUSE and HAWK-I using multi-Laser Guide Stars and a large Deformable Secondary Mirror. The latter will also be described as its use is optimum for GLAO systems. To cite this article: N. Hubin et al., C. R. Physique 6 (2005).     

Kernel principal component analysis residual diagnosis (KPCARD): An automated method for cosmic ray artifact removal in Raman spectra

A new, fully automated, rapid method, referred to as kernel principal component analysis residual diagnosis (KPCARD), is proposed for removing cosmic ray artifacts (CRAs) in Raman spectra, and in particular for large Raman imaging datasets. KPCARD identifies CRAs via a statistical analysis of the residuals obtained at each wavenumber in the spectra. The method utilizes the stochastic nature of CRAs; therefore, the most significant components in principal component analysis (PCA) of large numbers of Raman spectra should not contain any CRAs. The process worked by first implementing kernel PCA (kPCA) on all the Raman mapping data and second accurately estimating the inter- and intra-spectrum noise to generate two threshold values. CRA identification was then achieved by using the threshold values to evaluate the residuals for each spectrum and assess if a CRA was present.     

新有机物结构确定中的元素分析值校正法

本文对谱图已基本可以确定新有机化合物结构，但因元素分析值相对误差较大，不能达到“通过”要求的情况，提出一种不必再重复提纯，而是根据元素分析实测值系统分析杂质，求出校正因子，并使用校正因子对实测值进行校正，最终依然可以用“Found”或“实测值”发表的方法。     

Investigation and correction of the interference of ethanol,sugar and phenols on dissolved oxygen measurement in wine

The dissolved oxygen in wine is routinely measured to control and monitor various oenological processes. The availability of devices based on different technologies and features allows a user to select a device that best meets their needs. However, grape must and wine samples each exhibit a complex composition that varies with time, which, along with atmospheric conditions, makes it necessary to evaluate the effects of these factors on dissolved oxygen measurements. This work evaluates the effects that ethanol, sugar, and phenols have on dissolved oxygen measurements in a model and real wine. The results suggest that significant errors are made in all studied systems and that the response of each device is different. Therefore, a compensation value was developed to take into account the sample composition. A compensation value was proposed to minimise the error made by each device based on the ethanol and sugar contents of the measured liquid. The best results are those obtained after using the compensation value to correct the data from the Pyro-Mini device. In all cases, errors made in DO measurements by optical systems were reduced by 50–82% by applying the compensation value for synthetic wines and 45–100% for real wines.     

Size distribution and volume fraction of T1 phase precipitates from TEM images: Direct measurements and related correction

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) can be used to measure the size distribution and volume fraction of fine scale precipitates in metallic systems. However, such measurements suffer from a number of artefacts that need to be accounted for, related to the finite thickness of the TEM foil and to the projected observation in two dimensions of the microstructure. We present a correction procedure to describe the 3D distribution of disc-like particles and apply this method to the plate-like T₁ precipitates in an Al–Li–Cu alloy in two ageing conditions showing different particle morphologies. The precipitates were imaged in a High-Angular Annular Dark Field Microscope (HAADF-STEM). The corrected size distribution is further used to determine the precipitate volume fraction. Atom probe tomography (APT) is finally utilised as an alternative way to measure the precipitate volume fraction and test the validity of the electron microscopy results.     

基于NURBS曲线插值的实时大气折射误差修正

提出了一种采用传统的逐点描迹法和NURBS曲线插值方法相结合的技术，对多种可见光测量设备进行高准确度的实时大气折射误差修正方法.该方法克服了逐点描迹法计算量大、无法达到实时计算要求等缺点，尤其适用于全自动胶片判读仪或光电经纬仪中实时数据的大气折射误差修正.     

大气CO2反演的地表反射率影响分析与比值反演方法

近红外波段空基大气CO₂反演是一个病态问题,地表特征的不确定性是其重要的影响因素之一。针对大气CO₂高精度反演的需求,研究了地表反射率两大不确定性因素对大气CO₂反演的影响程度,提出了比值光谱法对这种影响进行校正。比值光谱法中CO₂无吸收通道(off-line)的选择至关重要,通过比较和分析多种off-line通道的选择方法,发现多通道多点平均法因多数据平均可降低随机误差的优势,获得的off-line通道对应的反演精度最高,而且离散程度也小。比值光谱法结合多通道多点平均法选取出的off-line通道对地表反射率的不确定性影响有明显的校正效果,有利于大气CO₂反演精度的提高。