Selective solid-phase extraction of amoxicillin and cephalexin from urine samples using a molecularly imprinted polymer

In this paper we describe, for the first time, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX), synthesised by a noncovalent molecular imprinting approach and used to extract AMX selectively from urine samples. The MIP was applied as a molecularly selective sorbent in molecularly imprinted SPE (MISPE) in an off-line mode, where it showed useful cross-selectivity for a structurally related antibiotic, cephalexin (CPX). By using a MISPE protocol, the MIP was able to selectively extract both AMX and CFX from 5 mL of water spiked with 10 mg/L with recoveries of 75 and 78% for AMX and CFX, respectively. When applied to real samples (urine) at clinically relevant concentrations, recoveries from 2 mL of human urine spiked with 20 mg/L decreased slightly to 65 and 63% for AMX and CFX, respectively. To demonstrate further the selectivity of the MIP obtained, a comparison with commercially available SPE cartridges was performed. Improvements in the retention of both AMX and CFX on the MIP were obtained relative to the commercially available cartridges, and the MISPE extracts were considerably cleaner, due to molecularly selective analyte binding by the MIP.     

阿莫西林-铜络合物光度法测定阿莫西林

本文提出了一种简便,快速,准确测定阿莫西林含量的方法,在Ｎａ２ＣＯ３介质中,阿莫西林与铜离子形成络合物,于３３４ｎｍ处产生最大吸收,测定阿莫西林的线性范围为２－５０ｇ．ｍＬ＾－１本方法用于阿莫西林原料样品的测定结果满意。     

阿莫西林的太赫兹光谱研究

阿莫西林是一种青霉素类抗生素,由于其独特的药效,在临床和人们的日常生活中应用比较广泛。对于这类药物的真伪检测不仅关系到患者的身心健康,而且对于保护合法生产厂商利益打击假冒伪劣药品都极为重要。太赫兹(THz)波是一种新开发的电磁辐射,具有许多独特性质。利用基于太赫兹波的太赫兹时域光谱技术对3个不同厂家生产的阿莫西林胶囊进行了测试分析,得到了三种样品的太赫兹时域光谱,通过傅里叶变换,得到了它们的频域光谱,同时获得了它们的太赫兹吸收系数曲线和折射率曲线。测试结果表明三种样品在太赫兹波段存在明显的吸收峰,在0.20～1.60 THz之间,吸收峰的位置基本上是重合的,三种样品的折射率存在一定的差别。对阿莫西林太赫兹时域光谱的研究表明：太赫兹波在青霉素类药品的质量检查、药品生产过程中的质量控制以及假冒伪劣药品的打击方面有广阔的应用前景。     

离子对缔合物萃取分光光度法测定阿莫西林

在弱酸性条件下,阿莫西林能与亚甲蓝(MB)反应生成易被1,2-二氯乙烷萃取的离子对缔合物,其最大吸收波长为λ_max=657 nm。据此建立了测定阿莫西林的萃取分光光度法,药物浓度在0.4～6.8 mg·L-1范围内符合比尔定律,在最大吸收波长657 nm处表观摩尔吸光系数ε= 5.0×104 L·mol-1·cm-1,最低检出限为0.01 mg·L-1,回收率为97.5％～101.3％。实验表明该法可成功地用于药物制剂及尿样中阿莫西林含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

借与玫瑰精B和孔雀石绿的显色反应测定阿莫西林

在弱碱性条件下,玫瑰精B(RHOB)或孔雀石绿(MALM)与阿莫西林反应生成红色或绿色离子缔合物,产生明显的褪色现象。RHOB体系的最大负吸收波长位于584nm,MALM体系产生两个可用于定量分析的褪色峰,其最大和次大负吸收波长分别位于634、612nm;线性范围均为0—5.5mg/L,表观摩尔吸光系数(ε)分别为1.11×104(RHOB体系)、1.36×104和1.23×104L.mol-1.cm-1(MALM)。阿莫西林在一定浓度范围内遵从比耳定律,由此建立了测定阿莫西林的可见分光光度法。探讨了适宜的反应条件、主要分析化学性质、方法的精密度及可靠性。方法用于市售阿莫西林药物中阿莫西林的测定,结果满意。     

流动注射化学发光法测定阿莫西林

在碱性介质中,铁氰化钾能够氧化阿莫西林产生微弱的化学发光,Na2SO3对该体系有较强的增敏作用,据此,结合流动注射技术,建立了测定阿莫西林的新方法.阿莫西林在5.0×10-8～2.0×10-5 g/mL范围内与化学发光强度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为3×10-8 g/mL,对2.0×10-6 g/mL的阿莫西林进行11次平行测定,相对标准偏差为1.5%.本法已用于胶囊中阿莫西林的测定,并初步探讨了该化学发光反应的机理.     

高锰酸钾-甲醛-阿莫西林体系化学发光的研究及应用

在酸性介质中,高锰酸钾能氧化阿莫西林发生化学发光反应,而甲醛的存在可使发光强度增强。据此,采用流动注射技术,建立了一种测定阿莫西林的化学发光分析法。方法的检出限为3.0×10-8g/mL,相对标准偏差为1.52%(n=11,c=1.0×10-5g/mL),线性范围为5.0×10-8~2.0×10-5g/mL。该法已用于阿莫西林胶囊中阿莫西林含量的测定,结果满意。     

Different strategies for the direct determination of amoxicillin in human urine by second-order multivariate analysis of kinetic-spectrophotometric data

The kinetic evolution of UV-visible absorption spectra of amoxicillin in the presence of copper(II) ions has been processed by the second-order multivariate methods parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and also by a novel approach based on partial least-squares with residual bilinearization (PLS/RBL). The latter one is employed for the first time to evaluate kinetic-spectral information. The mechanism of the analyte metal-catalyzed hydrolysis involves a reaction intermediate and a final reaction product, both with spectra which may allow for the determination of amoxicillin in human urine, even in the presence of unsuspected sample components. This is possible thanks to the second-order advantage exploited by the employed chemometric algorithms, among which PARAFAC and PLS/RBL gave the best results. Amoxicillin was determined in a series of spiked and real urine samples, which allowed to perform, respectively, a recovery study and a comparison with the reference high-performance liquid chromatographic technique. The best figures of merit were obtained with PLS/RBL, namely sensitivity, 0.5 AU L mg⁻¹ (AU = absorbance units), analytical sensitivity, 500 L mg⁻¹ and limit of detection, 6 mg L⁻¹. Relative advantages and disadvantages of the employed algorithms are discussed.     

流动注射化学发光法测定阿莫西林

在碱性介质中 ,阿莫西林抗生素对鲁米诺 KMnO4化学发光反应有增敏作用 ,据此建立了微量快速测定阿莫西林的流动注射化学发光分析法。该法线性范围为 1 .0× 1 0 -7～ 5 .0× 1 0 -5g mL ,检出限为 3.0× 1 0 -8g mL ;对 1 .0× 1 0 -6g mL阿莫西林 1 1次平行测定 ,其相对标准偏差为 1 .7%。此法已用于阿莫西林胶囊中阿莫西林的测定。     

Medium-high frequency ultrasound and ozone based advanced oxidation for amoxicillin removal in water

In this study, treatment of an antibiotic compound amoxicillin by medium-high frequency ultrasonic irradiation and/or ozonation has been studied. Ultrasonic irradiation process was carried out in a batch reactor for aqueous amoxicillin solutions at three different frequencies (575, 861 and 1141 kHz). The applied ultrasonic power was 75 W and the diffused power was calculated as 14.6 W/L. The highest removal was achieved at 575 kHz ultrasonic frequency (>99%) with the highest pseudo first order reaction rate constant 0.04 min⁻¹ at pH 10 but the mineralization achieved was around 10%. Presence of alkalinity and humic acid species had negative effect on the removal efficiency (50% decrease). To improve the poor outcomes, ozonation had been applied with or without ultrasound. Ozone removed the amoxicillin at a rate 50 times faster than ultrasound. Moreover, due to the synergistic effect, coupling of ozone and ultrasound gave rise to rate constant of 2.5 min⁻¹ (625 times higher than ultrasound). In the processes where ozone was used, humic acid did not show any significant effect because the rate constant was so high that ozone has easily overcome the scavenging effects of natural water constituents. Furthermore, the intermediate compounds, after the incomplete oxidation mechanisms, has been analyzed to reveal the possible degradation pathways of amoxicillin through ultrasonic irradiation and ozonation applications. The outcomes of the intermediate compounds experiments and the toxicity was investigated to give a clear explanation about the safety of the resulting solution. The relevance of all the results concluded that hybrid advanced oxidation system was the best option for amoxicillin removal.