Micellar catalysis in reactions of some β-lactam antibiotics with p -dimethylaminobenzaldehyde

Kinetic study of the reactions of amoxicillin (I), ampicillin (II) and cephlaxin (III) with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DAB) in weakly acidic EtOH/H₂O solution has been investigated using spectrophotometric method. Relatively slow reversible reactions of first order with respect to the antibiotic have been found. A derived equation for detecting the existence of reversibility from the linearity has been introduced. The effect of anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) on the kinetic of these reactions in aqueous solution has been studied. The presence of 0.005 M of SDS increases the rate constants by 4.3, 2 and 3.3 times for I, II and III, respectively. The consequence of the rate constants have a similar order in absence and presence of SDS; III > II > I. The rate constants pass through maxima with increasing SDS concentration followed by a gradual but steady decrease in the rate as the surfactant concentration increases further. Multiple linear regression method has been performed to evaluate the binding constants of each drug and DAB with SDS from the resulted kinetic data. The results suggest using multiple linear correlation method for such calculations, which is more accurate, reliable and less time consuming. The calculated binding constants between these drugs with SDS are following the consequence I > II > III which is related to the differences in their substitutions. The kinetic results were employed for spectrophotometric microdetermination of these drugs (I–III) in aqueous solution. The method was based on the reaction of β-lactam with an excess of DAB in presence of SDS and HCl (pH 2) at a wavelength 410 nm. The results indicate that the presented method is simple, precise and accurate. This method is applied to bulk antibiotics and some of their pharmaceutical preparations.     

Simultaneous Determination of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid in Dog Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A rapid, sensitive, and specific high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination and confirmation of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in plasma. Plasma sample was subjected to a simple deproteinization with acetonitrile, and then the supernatant was directly diluted by water. Analysis was performed on a Phenomenex Luna C₈ reversed-phase column by detection with mass spectrometry in negative ions multiple reaction monitoring mode. A gradient elution program with 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile was performed at a flow of 0.25 mL min^?1. There is good linearity in the range of 0.5–500 ng mL^?1 for both amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The decision limits of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were 0.06 ng mL^?1 and 0.08 ng mL^?1 in plasma, respectively, and the detection capabilities of two analytes were below 0.5 ng mL^?1. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The extraction recoveries of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were between 102% and 115% in plasma at three spiked levels of 0.5, 50, and 500 ng mL^?1, with the relative standard deviations less than 15% for each analyte. The developed method was applied to pharmacokinetic studies of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid tablets in healthy beagles.     

HPLC测定阿莫西林胶囊中的有效成分

建立了HPLC测定市售阿莫西林胶囊中有效成分的方法.采用Agilent C18柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,以十八烷基键合硅胶为固定相,0.05mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用2mol·L^-1氢氧化钾溶液调节pH值至5.0）（A）-乙氰（B）（97.5∶2.5,V/V）为流动相.流速为1.0mL·min^-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为254nm,进样量为10μL.实验结果表明：回归方程为y=5.27x＋2.83,r=0.9995（n=6）,线性范围20-500μg ·mL^-1,RSD为3.97％,样品中阿莫西林含量为821.3mg/g.此方法具有简单方便、灵敏度高、快速、准确性和重现性好等特点,可用于阿莫西林原料药及其制剂有效成分的质量控制.     

阿莫西林的太赫兹光谱研究

阿莫西林是一种青霉素类抗生素,由于其独特的药效,在临床和人们的日常生活中应用比较广泛。对于这类药物的真伪检测不仅关系到患者的身心健康,而且对于保护合法生产厂商利益打击假冒伪劣药品都极为重要。太赫兹(THz)波是一种新开发的电磁辐射,具有许多独特性质。利用基于太赫兹波的太赫兹时域光谱技术对3个不同厂家生产的阿莫西林胶囊进行了测试分析,得到了三种样品的太赫兹时域光谱,通过傅里叶变换,得到了它们的频域光谱,同时获得了它们的太赫兹吸收系数曲线和折射率曲线。测试结果表明三种样品在太赫兹波段存在明显的吸收峰,在0.20～1.60 THz之间,吸收峰的位置基本上是重合的,三种样品的折射率存在一定的差别。对阿莫西林太赫兹时域光谱的研究表明：太赫兹波在青霉素类药品的质量检查、药品生产过程中的质量控制以及假冒伪劣药品的打击方面有广阔的应用前景。     

4种过期感冒药品的太赫兹光谱研究

针对近期几起过期药品致病的负面消息,为进一步提高药品质量检测的速度,提出采用太赫兹时域光谱技术（THz-TDS）无损检测药品质量的新方法。首先,通过飞秒激光器以及THz-TDS系统（Z-3）检测过期阿莫西林胶囊、复方氨酚烷胺片、板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒等常用感冒药的太赫兹时域光谱。然后,通过快速傅里叶变换（FFT）,得到其太赫兹脉冲随频率变化的频谱图。接着,根据Dorney和Duvillaret等提出的THz-TDS提取光学参数模型,得到以上4种感冒药品的太赫兹特征吸收峰、吸收系数图谱和折射率。最后,将上述实验结果与相关文献报道的太赫兹特征吸收峰、吸收系数以及折射率进行对比。实验显示：过期阿莫西林胶囊和复方氨酚烷胺片在有效频段0.2~0.9 THz内的平均折射率分别为1.90和1.85,这比相关文献分别报道的最小折射率1.92和2.05小;过期板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒在有效频段0.2~1.4 THz内的平均折射率均为1.84,这较相关文献报道的最大折射率1.797略大;过期阿莫西林胶囊的5个太赫兹特征吸收峰均出现,但幅值有所降低;过期复方氨酚烷胺片的3个太赫兹特征吸收峰仍然存在,但幅值也有所降低,且在1.50 THz附近出现新的太赫兹特征吸收峰;过期板蓝根颗粒在1.43 THz出现新的太赫兹强特征吸收峰,且吸收系数减小;过期复方板蓝根颗粒在1.43,1.48和1.54 THz出现3个新的太赫兹特征吸收峰,且吸收系数也减小。结果表明：过期阿莫西林胶囊、复方氨酚烷胺片、板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒的有效成分均有所减少,部分化学成分已经发生改变;过期阿莫西林胶囊和复方氨酚烷胺片等西药的折射率会增大,而过期板蓝根颗粒和复方板蓝根颗粒等中药的折射率会减小;通过折射率的变化和太赫兹特征吸收峰位置的不同以及新出现的太赫兹特征吸收峰,可以区分以上4种过期药品,由此可以为太赫兹光谱技术区分过期药品提供参考。     

Complexes derived from some biologically active ligands

Complexes derived from ampicillin (L1) and amoxicillin (L2) with (Mg(II), Ca(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Ce(III), Nd(III), UO₂(VI), Th(IV)) were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility, IR, UV/Vis, and thermogravimetry. The formed complexes can be formulated as (ML(H₂O)₃(NO₃) _n ) except for Ce(III) which gave (CeL(H₂O)₃(Cl)₂). The ¹H NMR spectra of the Zn(II) complexes are compared to spectra of the ligands. The shift (δ) gave information about the chelating center of the ligands. The ligands and the synthesized complexes, derived from some alkali earth and transition metal ions, were tested as antibacterial reagents. The formed complexes had enhanced activity.     

阿莫西林-铜络合物光度法测定阿莫西林

本文提出了一种简便,快速,准确测定阿莫西林含量的方法,在Ｎａ２ＣＯ３介质中,阿莫西林与铜离子形成络合物,于３３４ｎｍ处产生最大吸收,测定阿莫西林的线性范围为２－５０ｇ．ｍＬ＾－１本方法用于阿莫西林原料样品的测定结果满意。     

Ion-pair reversed-phase and low-molecular-weight aqueous gel permeation high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the determination of amoxicillin oligomers

Summary Polymeric substances formed from concentrated sodium amoxicillin in an aqueous solution have been separated using two high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. We used a C₁₈ reversed-phase column with tetrabutylammonium chloride as an ion-pairing agent with an acetonitrile gradient and a TSKgel G2500PWxl column with water as the solvent for gel permeation chromatography. The separated materials, ranging in size from the monomer to the tetramer, have been characterized by functional-group chemical analysis, while the identification of the piperazine-2,5-dione was done using a pure standard. A greater number of peaks which were also better defined were obtained using the ion-pair reversed-phase method, and open and closed beta-lactam ring polymer forms could be distinguished. Using the gel permeation method, only a few monomer, piperazine-2,5-dione, dimer, trimer and combined amoxicillin trimer and tetramer peaks were obtained with water, although those obtained were quite well defined. The data on the time-course of formation of the oligomers and the amoxicillin degradation product were virtually identical by both methods. In some countries, particularly the UK, the name of the compound is amoxycillin.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定牛肉中青霉素类药物及其代谢产物

建立了同时检测牛肉中2种青霉素(阿莫西林和青霉素G)及其5种主要代谢产物的超高效液相色谱一串联质谱分析方法.牛肉样品加人青霉素V为内标,经乙腈提取后,在UPLC HSS T3色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.8 μm)上分离,以乙腈和添加0.15%甲酸与5 mmol/L乙酸铵的水溶液(pH 2.8)作为流动相,采...     

Selective spectrophotometric determination of phenolic β-lactam antibiotics in pure forms and in their pharmaceutical formulations

Four simple and selective spectrophotometric methods were developed for the quantitative determination of some phenolic β-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin trihydrate, cefoperazone sodium, cefadroxil monohydrate, and cefprozil anhydrous) in pure forms as well as in their pharmaceutical formulations through their nitration and subsequent complexation with an nucleophilic reagent (method I), nitrosation and subsequent metal chelation (method II), coupling with diazo reagent (method III), and reaction with copper and extraction of the resulting chelate into chloroform (method IV). The reaction conditions were studied and optimized. Beer’s plots were obeyed in a general concentration range of 5-30 ug ml⁻¹ with correlation coefficients not less than 0.9997 for the four drugs. The methods are successfully applied to the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing amoxicillin, either alone or in combination with potassium clavulanate. They were also applied to the analysis of the other three studied drugs in vials, capsules, tablets, and suspensions with good recovery; percentage ranged from 99.0 (±1.42) to 100.2 (±1.25) in method I, 99.0 (±0.82) to 100.5 (±0.92) in method II, 99.5 (±0.09) to 100.8 (±0.98) in method III, and 99.3 (±0.01) to 100.2 (±0.05) in method IV. Interferences from other antibiotics and additives were investigated.