热化学循环

恒温,确定反应的始态(A)和终态(B)后,反应的焓变和过程无关.如图1中ΔH1=ΔH2+ΔH3+ΔH4,若已知其中任意3个ΔH,可得第4个ΔH.热化学循环可被用于计算无法或很难用实验方法得到的数据.本文讨论几个和教学有关的问题.     

Preparation and Inhibitory Effects of 20（S）-Ginsenoside Rh2 on Hep-A-22 Cells

<正>A modified method of preparing 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh_2(G-Rh_2) and the inhibitory effect of 20(S)-ginse-noside Rh_2 on Hep-A-22 cells were investigated.The total saponins and strong alkali were dissolved in glycerol at the atmospheric pressure,and the degradation was performed at a high temperature.After G-Rh_2 had been isolated and purified,MTT(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium) assay was applied to evaluating the effect of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh_2 on the cells viability and morphological changes were observed.It was shown that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh_2 can reduce Hep-A-22 cells viability in dose-dependent manner and the cells took on cell shrinkage,membrane blebbing,chromosomal condensations,especially under the higher concentrations of it.In conclusion,20(S)-ginsenoside Rh_2 can be prepared effectively that not only decreases viability but also induces the apoptosis of Hep-A-22 cells.     

Evaluation of Thermal Hazard of Composite Modified Double-base Propellant by Microcalorimetery Method

<正>The thermal decomposition behavior of composite modified double-base(CMDB) propellant containing cyclotrimethylene trinitramine(RDX) was studied via a Calvet microcalorimeter at five different heating rates.The activation energy(E) and the pre-exponential factor(A) of two obvious exothermic processes were obtained by Kissinger's method and Ozawa's method.The entropy of activation(△A~≠),the enthalpy of activation(△H~≠),and the free energy of activation(△G~≠) of the first stage were calculated.To evaluate the thermal hazard of the RDX-CMDB propellant, the critical temperature of thermal explosion(T_b),the self acceleration decomposition temperature(T_(SADT)),the adiabatic decomposition temperature increment(△T_(ad)) and the time-to-explosion of adiabatic system(t) were presented as 145.3℃,138.15℃,1634 K and 583.71 s(n=0) and 586.28 s(n=1),respectively.     

辉光放电质谱分析中质谱干扰及其校正方法的现状

详细地介绍了辉光放电质谱分析中的质谱干扰如同量异位素、多原子离子和多电荷离子干扰。从同位素选择、高分辨率仪器、碰撞诱导解离、离子源冷却、数学方法校正、放电气体更换和放电气体纯度提高等方面对辉光放电质谱的质谱干扰校正方法的现状进行了评述(引用文献共68篇)。     

测定净水剂中总砷的试样前处理方法对原子荧光光谱法测定结果的影响

<正>砷为毒性元素,监测聚合氯化铝净水剂中砷的含量对保证水厂出厂水中砷的含量不超标至关重要。聚合氯化铝中砷的测定方法报道较少,大多数都是食品及药品中砷的测定方法报道。现行国家标准GB 15892—2003中砷斑法是半定量法,     

光度法测定金刚石工具胎体中钨

<正>随着金刚石工具在我国快速发展,各种不同类型的产品也相应而出,其中有寿命型的金刚石工具产品,也有速度型的金刚石工具产品。产品的切割或钻切性能,很大程度上是由产品的胎体所决定的。而一般的胎体成分主要是以铜、铁、镍、钴、钨或碳化     

Oxidative dehydrogenation of propane under steady-state and transient regimes over alumina-supported catalysts prepared from mixed V_2W_4O_（19）~（4-） hexametalate precursors

An integrated approach combining the development of an innovative catalyst and the research of a set of adequate operating conditions for the propane oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) is described. The experimental set-up, specially designed for steady-state and transient studies is presented. The preparation method, the characterization and the performances in steady-state and transient regimes of catalysts based on V_2W_4O_(19)~(4-) Lindqvist isopolyanion used as a precursor and supported on alumina are reported. The influence of the preparation method of the catalyst and the role of water in the feed gas are more particularly discussed.     

基于事件树的方法在长周期原油混输调度中的应用

原油调度是炼化企业生产过程中一个重要环节.在石油炼制过程中,为节约成本,降低原油性质的波动,并保证常减压装置的平稳运行,通常选择多种原油混炼.原油混输调度就是根据生产计划的需求,在满足各种操作约束和保证常减压装置正常运行的前提下,通过调节各种原油的混合比例及油罐的切换次序等,尽可能的降低调度过程的费用.本文首先论述了长周期原油混输调度问题,其中包括原油从油轮卸载到码头原油罐、由码头原油罐通过管道向厂区原油罐输送原油,以及厂区原油罐向常减压装置提供进料等过程.提出了一种与数学规划方法完全不同的基于事件树的方法来解决长周期原油混输调度的建模和优化问题.避免了数学规划方法建模复杂、求解困难等缺点.在本文中,事件树是表示系统在整个调度周期内系统可能状态的图形,其中每一个节点是系统在某一时刻的状态,包含有油轮的工作状态(在海上等待,卸油)、原油罐的工作状态(加油,输油,闲置)、各原油罐所存储原油的类型和储量、输油罐的输油速率等.该方法采用自然语言建模,利用连续时间的表达方法,根据事件发生的时刻来划分时间段,提高了求解的精度.在事件树结构单元的求解上,利用了事件驱动规则,推动事件树的生长.即当有事件发生时,根据事件发生的时刻及相应的事件处理方法,计算出事件发生后系统所有可能的状态,即当前节点的子节点.同时为了降低系统的规模,引入了分解集成策略,把整个调度系统分解为码头调度子系统和厂区调度子系统,对两个子系统进行优化,最终将两部分的最优结果集成起来便可得到整个系统的最优解.在整个事件树的搜索方法上,采用了深度优先搜索算法和剪枝策略来提高算法的搜索效率.通过深度优先搜索方法可快速得到可行解,以得到的可行解中的最优的解作为依据,与后续的解进行比较,可以省略大量节点的计算,极大地提高算法的计算效率.最后通过4个工业规模的例子证明了本方法的有效性.在调度周期为4周,7艘油轮,6个码头原油罐,6个厂区原油罐,2套常减压装置,6种原油类型的情况下,CPU(AMD3000+,2.0GHz)的计算时间不超过70s.