物理与三次技术革命

科学突飞猛进，新技术层出不穷．物理学作为20世纪的领头学科，由经典走向现代，由宏观到微观，已步人一个崭新的发展阶段．20世纪物理学上的两大重要成果是狭义相对论（爱因斯坦）和量子力学（普朗克），诺贝尔奖得主李政道教授说：“如果没有狭义相对论和量子力学的诞生，就不会有后来的原子结构、分子物理、核能、激光、     

物理学咬文嚼字之六"半"里乾坤大

将某个物事，比如天上掉下来的一块馅饼，一分为二，则得到两半．中文“半”字，从八，从牛，是把牛分解的意思．这里的“半”，比如用在圆的半径、半斤八两等语境中，等于数学上的1／2．牛以及其他的高等动物外观上容易分成较严格意义上相等的两半，是因为它们的结构都具有镜面对称性，这是动物生存在三维空间中（物理学第零定律）因受重力约束（对称性破缺，动物的自由发育空间变为二维）从而只能在二维球面上运动（运动又将自由发育的空间降下一维）的必然结果．然而，更多的时候，“半”并不等于1／2，而只表明是某个整体被分成两份中的一份，是部分的、不完全的意思，比如，半壁江山，半月，半明半暗，半吊子，半瓶子醋等．有时“半”仅用来表示少，比如一星半点（点如何半分？）．     

Remarks on Exactly Solvable Noncommutative Quantum Field

We study exactly the solvable noncommutative scalar quantum field models of （2n） or （2n ＋ 1） dimensions. By writing out an equivalent action of the noncommutative field, it is shown that the special condition B. 0 = 4-1 in field theoretic context means the full restoration of the maximal U（∞） gauge symmetries broken due to kinetic term. It is further shown that the model can be obtained by dimensional reduction of a 2n-dimensional exactly solvable noncommutative φ4 quantum field model closely related to the 1＋1-dimensional Moyal/matrix-valued nonlinear Schr6dinger （MNLS） equation. The corresponding quantum fundamental commutation relation of the MNLS model is also given explicitly.     

Scheme for Realizing Kerr Nonlinearity in Cavity QED

We propose a scheme for realizing the Kerr-type nonlinearity for a cavity mode. In the scheme the cavity mode interacts with a single three-level atom dispersively. Under certain conditions, the evolution of the cavity field, decoupled from the atomic degree of freedom, corresponds to the Kerr effect. The scheme can be generalized to implement cross-Kerr effect and two-qubit phase gates for two cavity modes.     

Noncontinuous Solitary Wave Solutions for Double sine-Gordon Equation

Using the tanh method and a variable separated ordinary difference equation method to solve the double sineGordon equation, we derive some new exact travelling wave solutions, especially a new type of noncontinuous solitary wave solutions. These noncontinuous solitary wave solutions are verified by using the conservation law theory.     

Electronic Structures of Wurtzite GaN with Ga and N Vacancies

The electronic band structures of wurtzite GaN with Ga and N vacancy defects are investigated by means of the first-principles total energy calculations in the neutral charge state. Our results show that the band structures can be significantly modified by the Ga and N vacancies in the GaN samples. Generally, the width of the valence band is reduced and the band gap is enlarged. The defect-induced bands can be introduced in the band gap of GMV due to the Ga and N vacancies. Moreover, the GaN with high density of N vacancies becomes an indirect gap semiconductor. Three defect bands due to Ga vacancy defects are created within the band gap and near the top of the valence band. In contrast, the N vacancies introduce four defect bands within the band gap. One is in the vicinity of the top of the valence band, and the others are near the bottom of the conduction band. The physical origin of the defect bands and modification of the band structures due to the Ga and N vacancies are analysed in depth.     

Five-Dimensional Cosmological Model with Variable G and A

Einstein＇s field equations with C and A both varying with time are considered in the presence of a perfect fluid for five-dimensional cosmological model in a way which conserves the energy momentum tensor of the matter content. Several sets of explicit solutions in the five-dimensional Kaluza-Klein type cosmological models with variable G and A are obtained. The diminishment of extra dimension with the evolution of the universe for the five-dimensional model is exhibited. The physical properties of the models are examined.     

Linearization of Systems of Nonlinear Diffusion Equations

We investigate the linearization of systems of n-component nonlinear diffusion equations; such systems have physical applications in soil science, mathematical biology and invariant curve flows. Equivalence transformations of their auxiliary systems are used to identify the systems that can be linearized. We also provide several examples of systems with two-component equations, and show how to linearize them by nonlocal mappings.     

Long-Time Dynamical Behaviour of Alternative-Current Stark Effect

We report the long time dynamical behaviour of ac Stark effect in a simple quantum model in which two level atoms interact with quantized coherent radiation field. A new phenomenon of periodic quantum collapse and revival of the ac Stark shift of energy level due to ac Stark effect is expressed accurately by analysing the phase of transition probability amplitude. The analytic prediction is confirmed by the numerical results.     

Local Modulation of Double Electromagnetically Induced Transparency Spectrum

The double electromagnetically induced transparency induced by two coupling fields can be realized in a fourlevel tripod-type atom. Such double transparency spectra can be locally modulated by using the weak coherent fields to perturb the coupling transitions. These investigations within this scheme can be independent of Doppler broadening by properly orienting these fieds.