环糊精与表面活性剂主客体作用诱导的金纳米棒可控自组装

The self-assembly of colloidal nanocrystals has emerged as a powerful strategy for the bottom-up fabrication of functional materials and nanodevices. Recently, the self-assembly of gold nanorods (GNRs) has attracted significant attention because of their unique plasmonic properties, but the realization of their adjustable self-assembly of GNRs through facile and effective approaches remains challenging. In this work, the controllable self-assembly of GNRs in aqueous solution was realized through the host-guest interactions of cyclodextrins (CDs) and the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) molecules adsorbed on the surface of the GNRs. The self-assembly of GNRs was readily achieved by the addition of aqueous α-CD solutions with varied concentrations into aqueous dispersions of CTAB-stabilized GNRs. At a relatively low α-CD concentration, slow aggregation of the GNRs occurred, resulting in their side-by-side assembly. This was revealed by the blue shift of the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band in the absorption spectra and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. On the other hand, when a higher concentration of α-CD was added, fast aggregation of the GNRs occurred, resulting in their end-to-end assembly. This was revealed by the red shift in the LSPR band together with the TEM observations. If β-CD was employed instead of α-CD, the self-assembly of GNRs could also be induced, although a relatively higher concentration of β-CD was required to achieve the extent of aggregation similar to that induced by α-CD, indicating that the supramolecular host–guest interaction between CDs and the surfactant CTAB was crucial to the directed self-assembly of GNRs. Furthermore, the α-CD-induced assembly was inhibited on addition of excess CTAB, confirming that the supramolecular interaction of α-CD and CTAB played a key role in directing the self-assembly of the GNRs. Based on these experimental results, a possible mechanism for the α-CD-induced self-assembly of GNRs was proposed as follows: at a lower α-CD concentration, the gradual formation of the host-guest inclusion complex α-CD/CTAB led to the partial replacement of the highly charged CTAB bilayers adsorbed on the GNRs by the less charged complex, which resulted in a slow side-by-side assembly of the GNRs; at a higher α-CD concentration, the CTAB bilayers were quickly replaced by the α-CD/CTAB complex, and the CTAB molecules adsorbed at both ends of the GNRs were almost completely replaced, resulting in a fast end-to-end assembly of the GNRs. Additionally, on the basis of the hydrolysis of α-cyclodextrin catalyzed by α-amylase, the self-assembly of GNRs directed by the host-guest interaction could be used to realize the feasible detection of α-amylase in solutions. This self-assembly strategy mediated by the host-guest interaction may be extendable to other colloidal systems involving surfactants adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles, and may open new avenues for the controllable self-assembly of non-spherical nanoparticles.     

赤霉素和稀土配合使用对淀粉酶加合效应机理初探

ＧＡ和稀土对植物生长都有益，但配合使用可产生加合效应，比单独使用效果好．本文对加合效应初步研究结果说明，ＧＡ促进了α－淀粉酶的合成，稀土元素提高了β淀粉酶的活性，同时可以诱导一定量的ＧＡ形成，使α－淀粉酶的活性也有提高．所以ＧＡ和稀土混合使用对淀粉酶有加合作用．比单独使用效果要好．     

离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响

用分光光度法研究了二烷基咪唑氯类和二烷基咪唑磷酸酯类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应的影响,通过吸光度的变化来测定淀粉水解的程度。 结果表明,这两类离子液体对淀粉酶催化反应均有明显的抑制作用,其中1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯[HMIM]Cl的抑制作用最大。 而且,对于相同的阴离子,随着阳离子咪唑环烷基取代基链长的增加,抑制作用也增加。     

信号肽对OPMA在枯草杆菌中的分泌表达及其催化活性的影响

将编码枯草杆菌BS168的amyE信号肽(S)的基因与编码多功能淀粉酶OPMA-N和OPMA-G的基因重组, 分别构建了分泌表达多功能淀粉酶OPMA-N和OPMA-G的重组载体pMA5-OPMA-SN和pMA5-OPMA-SG, 并分别在枯草杆菌BS168中实现了OPMA-SN和OPMA-SG的有效分泌表达.SDS-PAGE分析表明, 该信号肽的引入提高了异源蛋白的分泌量, OPMA-SN和OPMA-SG的分泌水平(53%和67%)比OPMA-N和OPMA-G(45%和58%)明显提高, 但此信号肽在分泌表达OPMA-N或OPMA-G后不能被有效切除.活力分析表明, OPMA-SN(5.17 U/mg)和OPMA-N(4.57 U/mg)的活力水平与分泌水平一致, 但OPMA-SG(4.50 U/mg)和OPMA-G(4.65 U/mg)的活力水平却与分泌水平呈反相关性.通过分析OPMA-SN和OPMA-SG分子的空间构象发现, 信号肽的存在不影响OPMA-N的活性部位构象, 但影响OPMA-G的活性部位构象, 从而导致OPOMA-G的催化活性下降.     

利用色谱法研究α－淀粉酶变性动力学

提出用尺寸排阻色谱法研究酶的变性动力学。此法将高效色谱分离同灵敏的紫外检测结合起来,消除了紫外法测定蛋白质变性速度时变性体的影响。确定了个淀粉酶在盐酸胍溶液中变性时的反应级数,测定了不同浓度变性剂中酶的变性速度常数,并和失活速度常数进行了比较,讨论了影响酶变性速度的因素。     

荧光相图法研究猪胰腺α-淀粉酶在脲和盐酸胍溶液中的去折叠过程

用荧光相图法分别研究了脲和盐酸胍诱导的猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程。实验结果表明,当脲作为变性剂时,无论变性体系中有无还原剂2-巯基乙醇存在,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程均只出现一个部分折叠中间体,符合“三态模型”;当盐酸胍作为变性剂时,若变性体系中存在还原剂2-巯基乙醇,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程符合“三态模型”,而若变性体系中不存在还原剂2-巯基乙醇,猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的去折叠过程会出现两个部分折叠中间态,此过程符合“四态模型”。     

聚合马来松香乙二醇酯Ca(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)配合物固定化淀粉酶研究

将松香改性合成聚合马来松香乙二醇酯(简称MEEP),使之分别与CaCl2、NiCl2、MgCl2和CuCl2反应,制备聚合马来松香乙二醇酯Ca(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Mg(Ⅱ)和Cu(Ⅱ)配合物,再对淀粉酶进行固定化,比较了固定化酶和游离酶的性能.实验结果表明,4种聚合马来松香乙二醇酯配合物固定化酶使用5次后,固定化酶保留活力均在50%以上,其中MEEPCa(Ⅱ)和MEEPNi(Ⅱ)固定化酶的效果较好,固定化酶保留活力均在70%以上;固定化酶最适温度50℃,较游离酶高10℃;聚合马来松香乙二醇酯Ca(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)固定化酶的最适pH值分别为5.24、6.86,米氏常数分别为1.47×10-4kg/L和2.64×10-4kg/L,游离酶为2.69×10-5kg/L.     

一种低纯度偶氮甲酰胺的检测方法研究

目的通过萃取法和酶解法对低纯度偶氮甲酰胺进行前处理。方法建立了低纯度偶氮甲酰胺的检测方法,萃取法不能有效消除干扰含量检测的淀粉,而酶解法则完全消除了干扰因子。结果该法精密度良好,RSD<1.0%。在10.0%～60.0%的含量范围内线性关系良好,r2=0.999 9,具有较高的灵敏度。对样品加标回收试验,回收率在99.06%～100.71%,RSD≤0.60%。结论该法准确可靠,精密度、重现性较好。     

分子筛对葡萄糖淀粉酶的吸附性能研究

测定了黑曲霉葡萄糖淀粉酶(E.C.3.2.1.3)在三种改性的、具有中孔和大孔的分子筛上的吸附等温线并将吸附量和吸附等温线的形状与分子筛的等电点、孔容、孔径及酸性相关联。讨论了孔结构和不同酶吸附量对分子筛固定化葡萄糖淀粉酶活力的影响。发现葡萄糖淀粉酶在再造孔分子筛上的单层饱和吸附量与再造孔的方法密切有关,三种不同再造孔方法制得的分子筛具有不同的骨架Si/Al比、不同的孔分布和比表面积。不同的Si/Al比导致不同的酸性质和等电点。酶吸附量与载体的表面酸性、等电点以及吸附时溶液的pH有关。分子筛对酶的吸附以静电作用为主。其次,当中孔孔径和孔容越大时,单层饱和吸附量亦越大。随着分子筛对葡萄糖淀粉酶的吸附量增加,固定化酶的活力增大,但固定化酶的比活力随吸附量的增加、中孔孔容和孔径的减小而下降。     

基于多光谱技术和计算机模拟研究牡荆素抑制α-淀粉酶的分子机制

本文采用多种光谱学方法结合计算机模拟手段,通过研究牡荆素对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用、相互作用的结合特性和空间结合构象及其诱导酶分子结构的变化对酶催化底物的影响,进而阐释牡荆素抑制α-淀粉酶的分子机制。结果表明,牡荆素以可逆性竞争的方式抑制α-淀粉酶的活性,其半抑制浓度(IC50值)为2.25×10-3 mol·L-1,抑制常数为(2.28±0.13)×10-3mol·L-1。牡荆素也能够与淀粉结合来减少淀粉的消化分解为葡萄糖。牡荆素通过单一静态方式猝灭α-淀粉酶的内源荧光,其中荧光基团Trp残基的贡献大于Tyr残基。牡荆素结合在α-淀粉酶的一个位点处,结合常数Ka为103数量级,主要依靠疏水力驱动,两者结合作用使α-淀粉酶的α-螺旋含量降低,β-折叠和β-转角含量增加,表面疏水性减小,酶结构趋于松散。分子模拟显示,牡荆素能够对接于α-淀粉酶的活性空腔,并与周围的氨基酸残基Asp197、Glu233、Ile235、His299、Asp300与His305等发生相互作用。推测牡荆素通过与α-淀粉酶结合,改变了酶分子的构象,并且与底物竞争α-淀粉酶的活性位点,而阻碍了底物被酶分解,进而抑制了α-淀粉酶的活性。