Momentum transfer in an agitated vessel with off-centred impellers

Momentum transfer was investigated in an unbaffled agitated vessel of inner diameter 0.3 m equipped with different off-centred impellers. The distribution of the shear rate on the tank wall as a function of the impeller type and Reynolds number was studied in the turbulent regime of the Newtonian liquid flow. The dependences of the averaged dimensionless shear rate, friction coefficient, and dissipated energy on the Reynolds number and eccentricity ratio were approximated using four-parameter equations. Presented at the 33rd International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 22–26 May 2006.     

秦巴山区钮子根茎、叶中微量元素的研究

为研究秦巴山区钮子根茎、叶中微量元素的含量,采用微波消解的方法处理样品,用火焰原子吸收分光光度法分别测定了其K、Na、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn、Co、Ni、Pd 10种金属元素的含量,确立了样品消解试剂、微波消解条件,并对样品进行了精密度和回收率试验。结果表明,相对标准偏差在0.772 8%~6.813 7%之间,回收率在94.0%~109.9%之间,钮子根茎、叶中均含有丰富的K、Na、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn等金属元素,Co、Ni等有益微量元素的含量次之,Pd的含量最低。     

Influence of the variable wall thickness of the sample tubes and a quartz Dewar on the EPR signal intensity in a single TE102 and double TE104 rectangular cavity

The response of a single TE₁₀₂ and double TE₁₀₄ rectangular cavity to the insertion of samples contained in tubes with variable wall thickness and a quartz Dewar into the cavity has been analyzed. A direct, indirect, and concurrent (positive or negative) “lens effect” inside the double TE₁₀₄ rectangular cavity is discussed. The experimental dependence of the EPR signal intensity on the wall thickness of the sample tube, δ, for the line-like samples with identical length of the sample material column, L=30 mm, recorded in the microwave cavity showed a directly proportional increase of the relative “lens effect” with the increase of the wall thickness of the tube in the interval, δ∈<0.1 mm, >0.5 mm. The insertion of the variable-temperature double-wall quartz Dewar (home-built, resonant frequency shift, ca. −300 MHz) into the single TE₁₀₂ rectangular cavity showed the same relative “lens effect”, with ca. 1.5-time increase of the EPR signal intensity, for a point-like sample and the line-like samples with material columns of diameter of 1 and 1.3 mm, and wall thickness of the sample tubes, δ∈<0.1 mm, >0.5 mm. The increased effect of the Dewar arises because the active volume of the quartz Dewar tube walls is always much more larger than the active volume of the sample tube wall. In the case of the double TE₁₀₄ rectangular cavity, the insertion of the quartz Dewar: (i) into the same cavity, in which the sample is present, caused a direct “lens effect”, with ca. 1.8-fold increase of the EPR signal intensity; however, (ii) into the complementary cavity, in which the sample is absent, caused an indirect “lens effect”, with ca. 0.6-fold decrease of the EPR signal intensity. With the Dewar and sample in one cavity and a large empty sample tube in the complementary cavity, a concurrent (positive or negative) “lens effect” can be observed. Thus, the possible increase/decrease of the EPR signal intensity depends on the volume ratio of the quartz Dewar tube walls and large sample tube wall inserted into the double TE₁₀₄ rectangular cavity. Each of the above phenomena may be a significant source error in quantitative EPR spectrometry unless the samples to be compared in the quantitative EPR analysis are contained in sample tubes having the same wall thickness and each EPR spectra should be recorded inside an identical quartz Dewar.     

Influence of mechanical properties of pectin films on charge density and charge density distribution in pectin macromolecule

The hydration and mechanical properties of citrus pectin films were examined in conditions relevant to those in the plant cell wall. The pectins used for this study varied in the degree of esterification (DE) (high or low) and charge distribution on the backbone (random or block). The hydration of the films was controlled in an osmotic pressure experiment using polyethylene glycol solutions (PEG 20000). Hysteresis tests at constant deformation rate (stress vs deformation) were used for investigating the mechanical behaviour of films. Mechanical and hydration properties of pectin films were examined as a function of charge density, charge density distribution and counterion environment—K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺. Swelling decreased with increasing counterion concentration. The effect is stronger in the case of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ for low esterified pectins and therefore crosslinks from divalent ions could be assumed. The crosslink effect is confirmed in mechanical experiments where an increase in the film tensile modulus is observed with increasing counterion concentration. It is shown for the first time that in case of highly concentrated pectin solutions Mg²⁺ cations also act as a crosslinker for pectin macromolecules.     

柴油机氮氧化物的特征时间模型

本文综合考虑湍流混合、分子扩散的作用,提出了一个新的NO生成计算模型.该模型采用化学动力学时间尺度和湍流时间尺度来考虑化学动力学和湍流混合对NO生成的影响.文中模拟了一台浅盆形燃烧室柴油机,对计算结果和实测结果进行了对比分析.研究表明,新模型计算的NO生成速率与实测结果有较好的一致性.     

贴壁风对脱硫反应器内液滴粘壁的影响

反应器内液滴粘壁对半干法烟气脱硫效率和运行稳定性具有重要影响.本文采用数值方法研究了不同贴壁风风速和风口高度对反应器内液滴粘壁现象的影响规律.结果表明,贴壁风对减轻液滴粘壁具有一定作用.贴壁风风速越高,液滴贴壁数量越少.贴壁风衰减较快,其风口高度存在最佳值,贴壁风风口与液滴喷射口的高度距离是按照液滴直线运动粘壁时液滴高度行程的1.2倍.     

The aberration theory of a combined electron focusing–deflection system with a rotating deflection field following the rotation of the electrons

A new type of combined magnetic focusing–electrostatic deflection systems whose orientation of deflection field is rotated synchronously with the beam electrons is proposed. This rotation deflection field can be formed by twistification of tube wall electrode (TWE) deflectors. Formulae are derived for the first-order optical properties, third-order geometrical aberrations and first-order chromatic aberrations of this system. A program was written in FORTRAN for numerical computation. An example is given; the computation results show that compared to the conventional systems, the proposed new system has lower deflection aberration coefficients.     

弱湍流大气激光通信中的光强闪烁研究

大气激光通信中，湍流引起的光强闪烁严重影响通信系统的性能指标（误码率）。通过对湍流条件下光强分布的数值仿真，得出弱湍流时接收光强服从对数正态分布，与Rytov理论一致。用随机过程分析的方法给出了系统误码率与光强闪烁的关系，并进行MATLAB数值模拟。研究表明误码率随对数振幅方差（湍流强度）的增加而上升，且当对数振幅方差在0～0．02时，误码率随对数振幅方差的变化较快，近似呈线性递增。在工程中，可采用自适应光学或多发射机等技术抑制湍流对大气激光通信的影响。     

大气激光通信的实验测量

设计了大气激光通信信道测量系统，利用此系统在不同气象条件下进行了近地视距实验测量并采集了不同天气条件下的实验数据，详细分析讨论了所得实验数据并进行了误差分析．同时实验中获得了大量数据，为进一步完善大气激光信道模型提供了有力的依据．     

Aperture averaging beam-wander of multi-Schell quantization beam in a turbulent atmosphere

We study the effects of the mode number of the multi-Schell Gaussian model beams on aperture averaging wander of quantization Gaussian beams propagating through weak turbulence fluctuation channel. The results demonstrate that there is an optimal sub-Schell beam number M_opt, in here the beam wander is minimum. Because of the beam spreading of turbulence and vacuum diffraction, and aperture smoothing effect of the multi-beam jitter, the impact of zenith angle of channel and turbulent outer scale on the beam wander is tiny. The beam wander of the multi-Schell Gaussian model beams is increased as the increasing of the wavelength λ.