Swirl number and nozzle confinement effects in a flat-vane axial swirler

This paper presents the results of a parametric experimental study of free swirling flow at the exit of a flat-vane axial swirler. A total of 16 data sets were acquired by combining four swirler vane angles (22°, 29°, 50.5°, and 58.3°) and four exit nozzles of different diameters (30, 40, 52, and 76 mm). Sophisticated pressure probes consisting of precise microphones and a two-component LDV system were used to investigate the effect of these geometrical parameters on swirling flow regimes characterized by the swirl number. Particular attention was paid to the precessing vortex core (PVC) phenomenon observed at the exit of the swirler nozzle. It has been shown that by varying the vane angle and the diameter of the exit nozzle, it is possible to independently control the swirl number value and the occurrence of a PVC. A distinct correlation has been found between the PVC-induced pressure pulsations detected by acoustic probes and the tangential velocity fluctuations measured by LDV. The use of microphones provides a quick way to measure the frequency response of swirl flow in a wide range of geometries and flow configurations. The PVC effect does not occur at low subcritical values of the integral swirl number (S < 0.5) and in the case of strong swirl flow (S_g = 0.9 and 1.2) in the absence of constriction by the nozzle (D_e/D₀ = 1). The disappearance of the PVC effect for strong swirl flow without constriction is due to the extreme displacement of the flow to the nozzle walls. The absence of a PVC in the flow was inferred not only from measurements of the frequency response of the flow over a wide range of Re numbers, but also from the absence of specific markers in velocity RMS distributions. Measurement results are used to derive an empirical correlation of the integral swirl number and the Strouhal number with a modified geometric swirl number. This allows a generalization of the frequency characteristics of swirling flows with a PVC for flat-vane axial swirlers, which are widely used in engineering.     

工程地质学的大成综合理论

工程地质学工作大多涉及系统工程问题,综合集成应是必需的技术路线。多元知识,即多学科的综合集成道路已得到普遍共识。作者提出,工程地质学需要发展大成综合理论,即多源知识的综合集成。钱学森在研究复杂巨系统中考虑到推理、经验和实测信息的集成,并称之为大成综合(Meta-Synthesis)。本文从工程地质实践出发,指出大成综合理论在各工程建设阶段有不同的用法,但本质上是3种来源知识的相互制约和融合,以期达到结论的一致性,做出合理而可靠的决策。某大型抽水泵站高边坡的工程决策过程表明,大成综合理论可能支持超越常规的认识,做出突破性决策。     

Visualization of the flow structure in a vortex tube

The temperature separation in a vortex tube has been investigated for the purpose of exploring the phenomenon and improving the tube performance. Different explanations for the temperature separation have been proposed. However, there has not been a consensus in the hypothesis.This paper reports on a study in progress exploring the flow structure in a vortex tube. Flow visualization, using water as a working fluid, is used to reveal the existence of multiple circulation regions within the vortex tube and a new hypothesis describes the temperature separation mechanism. This research contributes to the understanding of the flow behavior in a vortex tube and supports the previous works that show the generation of the cold component of the flow is the result of the expansion near the cold nozzle and the hot component is produced due to the friction between the layers of flow.     

Experimental study of the three-dimensional flow field in cross-flow fans

High-resolution PIV measurements of the flow field inside cross-flow fans have been performed in planes normal and parallel to the fan axis, both outside and inside the impeller. The well known difficulties in obtaining the optical access inside the impeller have been overcome by allowing the internal flow planes to be illuminated by the laser light sheet or shot by the CCD camera through the moving blade vanes. Measurements have been performed in two cross-flow fans having the same two-module impeller but casing geometries based on very different design concepts. PIV data in planes normal to the rotor axis show a strong correlation between vorticity distribution and turbulent shear stresses inside the eccentric vortex of each fan. Furthermore, they provide useful elements to explain the very different performance of the two fans evidenced by their characteristic curves. Measurements in planes parallel to the impeller axis show that wide three-dimensional recirculation structures develop near the casing end walls at the discharge of the fans. These mean flow structures are responsible for the backflow into the end portions of the impeller of part of the discharged fluid, which is then transported axially by the eccentric vortex towards the rotor central disc before being discharged once again outside the impeller. In the case of cross-flow fans including few rotor modules, the existence of significant axial velocity components inside the eccentric vortex can alter substantially the flow picture, common in the current literature, resulting from 2-D numerical models or measurements performed in a single transverse plane of the fan.     

梅雨锋演变与低涡发展的联系

采用MM5高分辨率模式,对1999年6月26日至7月1日出现在江淮流域的两次低涡暴雨过程,进行全程四维同化数值模拟研究.发现梅雨锋与低涡关系密切.锋面在750 hPa左右强度最大;锋面最强位置与低涡最强位置在纬向上是接近一致的,即锋面最强位置在低涡发展最强位置的北或东北方;锋生比低涡加强早15 h左右;锋生存在自西向东的传播,低涡加强发展时锋生东传明显;低涡移过前,锋面北抬,坡度增大;移过后,锋面南压,坡度减小;移过时,锋面基本不动,近乎垂直.低涡发展最强的地区锋面的南北摆动比低涡发展弱的地区幅度大.     

Statistical Assessment of Counter-Flow Vortex Tube Performance for Different Nozzle Numbers,Cold Mass Fractions,and Inlet Pressures Via Taguchi Method

Abstract

In this article, the effect and optimization of process parameters in a counter-flow vortex tube on temperature difference were investigated through the Taguchi method. The experiments were planned as per Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array with each experiment performed under different conditions of inlet pressure, nozzle number, and cold mass fraction. By means of analysis of variance and regression analysis, the effects of factors and their interactions on temperature difference were determined and modeled with a correlation coefficient of 93.5%. Accordingly, it was observed that temperature difference goes up with the increase in inlet pressure, and the cold mass fraction and decreases with the increase in nozzle number. In addition, the optimum settings of process parameters maximizing the temperature difference are an inlet pressure of 650 kPa, a nozzle number of 2, and a cold mass fraction of 0.7. Finally, confirmation tests verified that the Taguchi method was successful in the assessment of vortex tube parameters for temperature difference.     

Evolution of the vortex structures and turbulent spots at the late-stage of transitional boundary layers

The nonlinear evolution process of new vortex structures at the late-stage of the transition, including the 3-D spatial structure of barrel-shaped vortex and dark spots structure observed by experiment research, has been confirmed by our computational results. The formation mechanisms of these structures have been explored. It is revealed that the new vortex structures, the ring-like vortex chain and induced disturbance velocities play a dominant role in the generation of turbulent spots.     

Non-Abrikosov vortices in liquid metallic hydrogen

We consider non-Abrikosov vortex solutions in liquid metallic hydrogen (LMH) in the framework of two-component Ginzburg–Landau model. We have shown that there are three types of non-Abrikosov vortices depending on chosen boundary conditions at the core of vortices, namely, Neumann (N)-type, Dirichlet (D)-type and Gross–Pitaevskii (GP)-type vortices. The Neumann-type vortex has a non-vanishing condensation at the core, that is different from the ordinary vortex, and the magnetic flux could be reversed as well in LMH. Furthermore, we have obtained a new type of a neutral vortex which has no magnetic field. The presence of such a vortex is related to metallic superfluid state suggested by Babaev (2004) [1].     

Preparing quantum vortex states with odd Schrdinger cat states through a coupled waveguide system

A scheme is proposed for preparing a quantum vortex state with a coupled waveguide, in which a single-mode odd cat state with weak intensity and a single-mode coherent state are inserted in the input ports, respectively. The analytical wavefunction of the resulting state in the quadrature space is derived, and the vortex structure of the output state is analyzed. It is found that the obtained states, which may carry a vortex with topological charge index one, are entangled and nonclassical, depending only on the scaled propagation time and the weak intensity of the input odd cat state instead of the displacement parameter of the input coherent state. The phase distribution, however, in the quadrature space, depends on the displacement parameter of the input coherent state     

An investigation of merging and diverging cars on a multi-lane road using a cellular automation model

In this paper,we have investigated two observed situations in a multi-lane road.The first one concerns a fast merging vehicle.The second situation is related to the case of a fast vehicle leaving the fastest lane back into the slowest lane and targeting a specific way out.We are interested in the relaxation time τ,i.e.,which is the time that the merging(diverging) vehicle spends before reaching the desired lane.Using analytical treatment and numerical simulations for the NaSch model,we have found two states,namely,the free state in which the merging(diverging) vehicle reaches the desired lane,and the trapped state in which τ diverges.We have established phase diagrams for several values of the braking probability.In the second situation,we have shown that diverging from the fast lane targeting a specific way out is not a simple task.Even if the diverging vehicle is in the free phase,two different states can be distinguished.One is the critical state,in which the diverging car can probably reach the desired way out.The other is the safe state,in which the diverging car can surely reach the desired way out.In order to be in the safe state,we have found that the driver of the diverging car must know the critical distance(below which the way out will be out of his reach) in each lane.Furthermore,this critical distance depends on the density of cars,and it follows an exponential law.