Mindlin板几何非线性分析的附加内部剪应变法

本文在几何非线性分析的Ｍｉｎｄｌｉｎ板元中引入单元附加内部剪应变，有效地解决了薄板情况下的剪切自锁问题．文中导出了相应的能量相容条件，给出了有限元非线性列式的全过程及有关簿板及中厚板大挠度问题的数值结果．     

基于八面体理论的岩石循环加-卸载本构模型及修正

探究岩石的受力特点及破坏特性是研究岩石地下工程安全性的关键,诸多学者都期望能在岩石本构模型的研究上取得突破性进展。在此背景下,提出了一种能够描述循环加-卸载条件下岩石的本构模型。首先,假设岩石的微元强度服从八面体剪应力理论并且微元破坏服从Weibull概率公式,将岩石本构中的损伤变量以及岩石微元强度表达式里包含的损伤因子进行本构变换,得到关于应力、应变等其他表现加-卸载下岩石损伤本构模型的参数,表示出岩石微元强度和损伤变量,再将得到的岩石微元强度和损伤变量代入所提出的岩石本构模型中,并进行等式变换得到一个函数表达式。通过将其与实验数据进行拟合对比分析,得出修正后的拟合参数,将其代入函数式中,得到损伤本构模型的修正式。最后将拟合参数进行必要的敏感性分析,得出各拟合参数的实际物理意义。     

The optical properties of the laser beam passed through a turbulent shear layer

The related fluid dynamic theory, experimental device and some preliminary results of the study of the optical properties of a laser beam passed through a turbulent shear layer are presented. The method of image processing for the determination of the optical density from a interferogram by means of a Microneye Bullet and a Microcomputer is also described.     

Theory of oscillatory experiments with a coaxial cylinder viscometer

Equations are derived for the coaxial cylinder system in the combined oscillatory and steady-state shear mode. The limitations of the use of the various equations are presented. If the usual linear equations are used, the main limitation, in the case of oscillatory shear only, is that the frequency of measurement should be below 0.016 | ^*|/(r ₂ –r ₁ )². Here | ^*| is the modulus of the complex viscosity, is the density of the liquid andr ₁ andr ₂ are the radii of the cylinders. Furthermore it is shown that there is a small error in the numerical factor of the usually applied equations. The calculations are set up in such a way that extension to higher harmonics follows in a natural way. An experimental example illustrates the use of the derived equations.     

On the measurement of normal stress differences in steady shear flow

Summary Compared to the similar pressure-distribution cone-and-plate apparatus of Adams and Lodge (4), the new apparatus' improvements include: temperature control of the cone (as well as the plate); increased stiffening of the frame; four (not three) pressuremeasuring holes in the cone/plate region; inclusion of a pressure-measuring hole on the axis under the cone truncation; exclusive use of a vertical free liquid boundary at the cone rim (without a sea of liquid). Temperature control of the rotating cone and of the fixed plate leads to acceptable temperature uniformity in the test liquid for working temperatures within 10°C or 20°C of ambient; the corresponding interval is about 1°C if the cone temperature control is abandoned. Pressure gradients measured using a Newtonian liquid agree with those calculated using Walters' eq. (3). For a viscoelastic liquid, after subtracting inertial contributions, pressure distributions measured at a given shear rate in the cone/plate region do not change when the gap angle is changed from 2° to 3°, showing that the effects of secondary flow are negligible. Values ofN ₃ =N ₁ + 2N ₂ obtained from the gradients of these distributions are believed to be in error by not more than ±1 Pa, in favorable cases. The present most useful ranges are: 10 to 5000 Pa forN ₃; 0.1 to 200 sec^–1 for shear rate; up to 5 Pa s for viscosity; and 5 to 40°C for temperature. As an application, it is shown that adding 0.1% of a high molecular weight polyisobutylene to a 2% polyisobutylene solution doublesN ₃ and has no detectable effect on the viscosity measured at low shear rates with a Ferranti-Shirley viscometer.

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Zusammenfassung Im Vergleich zu dem ähnlichen Kegel-Platte-Gerät von Adams und Lodge (4) zur Messung der Druckverteilung wurden an dem neuen Gerät die folgenden Verbesserungen vorgenommen: Temperaturregelung an Kegel und Platte, Versteifung des Rahmens, vier (anstatt drei) Druckmeßlöcher im Kegel-Platte-Bereich, ein zusätzliches Druckmeßloch auf der Achse unter der Kegelstumpf-Deckfläche, ausschließliche Verwendung einer vertikalen freien Grenzfläche der Flüssigkeit am Kegelrand (ohne umgebenden Flüssigkeitssee). Die Temperaturregelung des rotierenden Kegels und der festen Platte führt zu einer ausreichenden Temperaturgleichförmigkeit in der Testflüssigkeit für Betriebstemperaturen, die höchstens um 10–20°C von der Umgebungstemperatur abweichen. Dieses Intervall beträgt dagegen nur etwa 1°C, wenn auf die Temperaturregelung am Kegel verzichtet wird. Für newtonsche Flüssigkeiten entsprechen die gemessenen Druckgradienten den mittels der Gleichung von Walters (3) berechneten. Für viskoelastische Flüssigkeiten zeigen sich bei der Änderung des Spaltwinkels von 2° auf 3° nach Abzug der Trägheitsbeiträge keine Änderungen der bei einer bestimmten Schergeschwindigkeit gemessenen Druckverteilung. Dies zeigt, daß Sekundärströmungseffekte vernachlässigbar sind. Es darf angenommen werden, daß die Werte vonN ₃ =N ₁ + 2N ₂, die man aus den Gradienten dieser Verteilungen erhält, unter günstigen Umständen mit einem Fehler von nicht mehr als ±1 Pa behaftet sind. Gegenwärtig liegen die günstigsten Bereiche bei 10 bis 5000 Pa fürN ₃, 0,1 bis 200 s^–1 für die Schergeschwindigkeit, unterhalb von 5 Pa s für die Viskosität und 5 bis 40°C für die Temperatur. Als Anwendung wird gezeigt, daß ein Zusatz von 0,1% hochmolekularen Polyisobutylens zu einer 2%igen Polyisobutylenlösung den Wert vonN ₃ verdoppelt, aber keinen erkennbaren Einfluß auf die (bei geringen Schergeschwindigkeiten mit einem Ferranti-Shirley-Viskosimeter gemessen) Viskosität hat.

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udsf unidirectional shear flow - TCP truncated-cone and plate - N ₁,N ₂ 1st and 2nd normal stress differences in udsf - N ₃ N ₁ + 2N ₂ - : = A is defined by the equationA := B - P ^* hole pressurePw – Pm; Pw, Pm = pressures measured by flush transducer and by hole-mounted transducer - t time - , strain rate, shear rate - (P,t) covariant body metric tensor at particleP and timet - ⁱ , _i covariant and contravariant udsf body base vectors (i = 1, 2, 3) - ^–1 inverse of - R, plate radius, cone/plate gap angle - r ₀,h ₀ radius and height of cone truncation - r,, spherical polar coordinates; cone axis = 0; plate surface = /2 - physical components of stress; for a tensile component - cone angular velocity - p on the plate = /2 - ,T, density, absolute temperature, viscosity - P 0.15 ²(r ² –R ²) (inertial contribution) [2.7] - P _ve contribution [2.8] from flow perturbations of viscoelastic origin - r _i i = 1,2,3,4; values ofr at centers of holes in cone/plate region - P _i () pressure change recorded by transducerTi when cone angular velocity goes from zero to - 1/2 {P _i ()+ P _i (–)} (average for 2 senses of rotation) - rim pressure, from least-squares line through four points - Re Reynolds' number:R ²/ - (P,t)/t With 11 figures and 2 tables     

Rheological properties of liver actin solutions

G-actin prepared from pork liver and purified to give a product of 95–98% purity was polymerized to F-actin in a rotational dynamic viscometer. The rheological properties were investigated during the course of polymerisation and after polymerisation. G andG measured at frequencies around 0.1 Hz increased strongly during the first 3 hours of the reaction and then slowly approached a constant value in the range of 10–50 mPa. The rise during polymerisation was more than two orders of magnitude. When a solution of F-actin was subjected to steady shear at a high shear rate for a short period of time and subsequently dynamic measurements were performed, then a considerably smallerG (about 70% smaller) was observed immediately after cessation of the steady shear.G then increased with time and approached its initial value.When measuring the viscosity of F-actin solutions as a function of shear rate, a strong shear thinning effect was seen which did not vanish even at shear rates as low as 0.001 s^–1. Even at this low shear rates, a pronounced yield maximum was observed before reaching the steady state. Oscillatory experiments showed a remarkably weak frequency dependence ofG. The results imply that F-actin solutions are largely structured forming a weak temporary network which can be easily destroyed by application of high shear rates. It seems most likely that the destruction occurs by a reversible, shear induced depolymerisation process.     

双轴压缩下颗粒物质剪切带的形成与发展

本文采用离散元方法,研究了双轴压缩的颗粒体系在刚性边界约束下,局部剪切带的形成和发展过程,注重分析了细观的体积分数、配位数、颗粒旋转角度等参数以及力链结构形态的演变.并从颗粒体系jamming 相图中J点附近的边壁压强和配位数随体积分数的标度规律出发,分析了剪切带内外的体积分数和配位数的变化.结果表明:剪切带形成于颗粒体系的塑性变形开始阶段,此时体系发生剪胀,颗粒体积分数减小,颗粒体系抵抗旋转的能力降低,开始出现细小剪切带,随着轴向应变的继续,细小剪切带发生连接,最终导致贯穿性优势剪切带形成 关键词： 颗粒物质 力链 双轴压缩 剪切带     

基于逾渗理论的非晶合金屈服行为研究

从非晶合金的微观结构出发,基于处理强无序和具有随机几何结构系统常用的理论方法——逾渗理论来描述非晶合金剪切屈服时的塑性流变.为了更好地理解非晶合金剪切带萌生时的临界问题,结合已有的"自由体积(free volume)模型"和"剪切转变区(shear transformation zone)模型",建立了非晶合金剪切转变的逾渗模型.以Cu_(25)Zr_(75)二元非晶合金为例,计算了在剪切转变区内易发生塑性流动的原子团簇剪切失稳的逾渗阈值,并粗略估算了这些原子团簇的大小.研究发现,剪切失稳的逾渗阈值与临界约化自由体积浓度(x_c～2.4%)有着相似的特性,不同之处在于其值与自由体积的分散度有着密切联系.研究结果作为非晶合金的韧脆转变问题提供了新思路.     

一维应变压缩下TC4钛合金绝热剪切研究

 利用内径为57 mm的压缩气炮，在撞击速度为0.2~1.2 km/s（相应的靶中压力为3~15 GPa）范围内进行对称碰撞实验，以研究TC4（Ti-Al6-V4）钛合金在一维应变冲击压缩条件下的绝热剪切现象。对回收得到的受冲击样品，在扫描电镜（SEM）下进行细观金相分析。结果指出，一维应变冲击压缩条件下，TC4钛合金中绝热剪切带产生的对称碰撞速度阈值为500 m/s（相当于样品中的压力为5.87 GPa）；主剪切带与冲击方向约为45°角，带上有圆形和椭圆形两种孔洞且随碰撞速度的增大而增多和长大，这是典型的韧性损伤特征。随碰撞速度增大，产生与主剪切带成15°角的支剪切带。这些与理论预言相符。X射线能谱分析结果指出，剪切带内材料发生了(α+β)→β相的转变，是典型的相变带。剪切带的温度估算与实验提供的信息吻合。