光子计数式光电倍增管四象限型和弱光像增强CCD跟踪系统的性能比较

基于光子计数式光电倍增管四象限跟踪系统和弱光像增强CCD跟踪系统的基本原理，分析了这两种跟踪系统的测量噪声误差、系统控制特性和系统闭环噪声等，并重点根据实验结果分析和比较了这两种跟踪系统的性能。结果表明，光子计数式光电倍增管四象限跟踪系统的性能优于弱光像增强CCD跟踪系统。     

Fringe element reconstruction for front tracking for three‐dimensional incompressible flow analysis

Fringe element reconstruction technique for tracking the free surface in three‐dimensional incompressible flow analysis was developed. The flow field was calculated by the mixed formulation based on a four‐node tetrahedral element with a bubble function at the centroid (P1+/P1). Since an Eulerian approach was employed in this study, the flow front interface was advected by the flow through a fixed mesh. For accurate modelling of interfacial movement, a fringe element reconstruction method developed can provide not only an accurate treatment of material discontinuity but also surface tension across the interface. The effect of surface tension was modelled by imposing tensile stress directly on the constructed surface elements at the flow front interface. To verify the numerical approach developed, the developed algorithm was applied to two examples whose solutions are available in references. Good agreement was obtained between the simulation results and these solutions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模糊聚类分析的新算法

提出了一种模糊聚类分析的新算法——追踪法 ,解决了以往模糊聚类分析计算量过大以及难于编程实现的问题 .该方法尤其适用于大规模数据的模糊聚类分析 ,对于模糊聚类分析的推广使用有重要意义 .     

H基于模糊观测器参数摄动的耦合时空混沌H跟踪控制

由于子系统的时空耦合作用及参数的摄动性，实现参数摄动的耦合时空混沌的跟踪控制非常困难。然而模型未知的耦合时空混沌的每个子系统可由一系列模糊逻辑模型逼近，每个模糊逻辑模型代表子系统在特定运行点的局部线性化模型，同时考虑子系统状态的不可测性，采用模糊观测器来估计子系统的状态。基于模糊模型及状态观测器，计及混沌参数的摄动性，提出一种模糊跟踪控制方案，实现了参数摄动的耦合时空混沌的鲁棒跟踪控制，并将模糊跟踪控制表征为线性矩阵不等式问题，用线性矩阵不等式的凸优化方法求解控制器参数，确保系统的全局渐近稳定性。仿真验证了方案的有效性。     

基于DM642的运动目标实时跟踪监控系统的设计

针对视频监控中的运动目标,引入自主跟踪思想,设计了一种基于DSP的运动目标实时跟踪监控系统。系统以TI公司的DSPTMS320DM642为核心,采用改进的差分算法辅以二值化形态学处理进行运动检测,并通过速度归一化求取云台转动矢量,应用于变速云台系统,实现了对运动目标的自主稳定跟踪。实验证明,系统取得了良好的跟踪效果,保证了目标跟踪的自主性、准确性和实时性。     

基于加权mean-shift可见光/红外双通道目标跟踪

为提高目标亮度突变时的跟踪性能,在每一帧进行目标跟踪时,首先提取可见光图像的颜色特征,红外图像的垂直投影图像和水平投影图像特征,然后利用可见光/红外各自通道的Bhattacharyya系数计算该通道的权值,并对加权mean-shift双通道跟踪方法进行了推导,提出了基于加权mean-shift可见光/红外双通道目标跟踪算法.该方法使前后两帧目标相似度大的通道取大的权值,从而达到有效利用各通道有利信息、提高跟踪性能的目的.实验表明,用本文提出的算法进行可见光/红外双通道目标跟踪时,与基于mean-shift单通道(可见光或红外)目标跟踪算法相比,可提高目标跟踪的准确度,特别是当目标进入树荫区域,引起目标亮度发生显著变化时,跟踪性能基本不受影响.     

数字图像注入式红外目标捕获跟踪训练仿真

介绍一种利用数字图像注入构建目标环境来完成目标捕获跟踪仿真训练任务的新方法,该方法通过模拟目标的理论航迹,实时接收并解算编码器输出值,同时与目标的运动方程做综合处理,计算出目标的位置信息,最后在背景中合成目标后按照红外图像的格式将数字图像注入到数字图像处理系统中。该方法可以在不开启红外相机的情况下,方便地完成手动及自动跟踪的训练任务,节约了训练成本,并已成功运用到某光电跟瞄设备的仿真训练系统中。     

Methods for measuring pedestrian density, flow, speed and direction with minimal scatter

The progress of image processing during recent years allows the measurement of pedestrian characteristics on a “microscopic” scale with low costs. However, density and flow are concepts of fluid mechanics defined for the limit of infinitely many particles. Standard methods of measuring these quantities locally (e.g. counting heads within a rectangle) suffer from large data scatter. The remedy of averaging over large spaces or long times reduces the possible resolution and inhibits the gain obtained by the new technologies.In this contribution we introduce a concept for measuring microscopic characteristics on the basis of pedestrian trajectories. Assigning a personal space to every pedestrian via a Voronoi diagram reduces the density scatter. Similarly, calculating direction and speed from position differences between times with identical phases of movement gives low-scatter sequences for speed and direction. Finally we discuss the methods to obtain reliable values for derived quantities and new possibilities of an in-depth analysis of experiments. The resolution obtained indicates the limits of stationary state theory.     

Feature tracking for projection registration in laboratory-scale reflective tomography laser radar imaging

In range-resolved reflective tomography laser radar imaging system, for accurate image reconstruction, all projections must be aligned to the center of target rotation. Due to the unknown location of the axis of rotation and random target translation, the center of target rotation in each projection cannot be measured accurately and images reconstructed based on range-resolved projections without registration would be dislocated. Here, we apply a feature tracking method to align projections data for tomographic reconstruction in laboratory-scale laser radar imaging. The target was placed on a spin table with an unknown and fixed axis, and the oscillatory motion of the target translation was simulated by a second order inertia filter to accord with the real satellites vibrations. The experimental simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to improve images reconstruction equality. The application of this method to actual radar imaging in remote distance was discussed and the differences were compared with the lab setups.     

Blood flow evaluation in high-frequency, 40 MHz imaging: A comparative study of four vector velocity estimation methods

Ultrasonic imaging is often used to estimate blood flow velocity. Currently, estimates are carried out using Doppler-based techniques. However, there are a number of shortcomings such as the limited spatial resolution and the inability to estimate longitudinal flows. Thus, alternative methods have been proposed to overcome them. Difficulties are notably encountered with high-frequency imaging systems that use swept-scan techniques. In this article, we propose to compare four vector velocity estimation methods that are complementary to Doppler, focusing on 40 MHz, high-frequency imaging. The goal of this study is to evaluate which method could circumvent the limitations of Doppler methods for evaluation of microcirculation, in the vessels having diameter on the order of 1 mm. We used two region-based approaches, one decorrelation-based approach and one spatiotemporal approach. Each method has been applied to seven flow sequences with various orientations and mean velocities. Four sequences were simulated with a system approach based on a 3D set of moving scatterers. Three experimental sequences were carried out by injecting blood-mimicking fluid within a gelatin phantom and then acquiring images with Visualsonics, Vevo 660 system. From velocity estimates, several performance criteria such as the normalized mean error or the normalized mean standard deviation were defined to compare the performance of the four estimators. The results show that region-based methods are the most accurate exhibiting mean errors less than 10% and mean standard deviation less than 13%. However, region-based approaches are those that require the highest calculative cost compared to the decorrelation-based method, which is the fastest. Finally, the spatiotemporal approach appeared to be a trade-off in terms of computational complexity and accuracy of estimates. It provides estimates with errors less than 10% for mean velocity and the CPU time is approximately 17 s for a ROI of size 40 * 80 pixels.