Surface Tension of Ternary Liquid Mixtures

Abstract

Surface tension has been measured by the differential capillary rise method for three ternary mixtures containing alkanes (hexane + cyclohexane+benzene, pentane + hexane + benzene and cyclohexane + heptane + toluene at 298.15\pm 0.1°K). The sign and magnitude of the excess surface tension and excess volume depend ultimately upon the chain length of the component of the mixtures. The results of the surface tension were compared with theoretical values obtained from Flory theory, Sanchez method, Brock-Bird relation and volume fraction statistics. There is reasonable agreement between theory and experiment.     

Temperature Dependence of the Surface Tension of Alkali Metals: A Unified Correlation

Abstract

In this work, new definitions of the normalized temperature and surface tension are proposed which result in a single plot for the surface tension of molten alkali metals. The functional dependence of the reduced surface tension on the reduced temperature can be adequately described by a straight line; the intercept and slope have been obtained using the linear regression approach. The method proposed herein predicts the values of surface tension at various temperatures with an average error of about 5%.     

Numerical simulations of negatively buoyant jets in an immiscible fluid using the Particle Finite Element Method

Negatively buoyant jets consist in a dense fluid injected vertically upward into a lighter ambient fluid. The numerical simulation of this kind of buoyancy‐driven flows is challenging as it involves multiple fluids with different physical properties. In the case of immiscible fluids, it requires, in addition, to track the motion of the interface between fluids and accurately represent the discontinuities of the flow variables. In this paper, we investigate numerically the injection of a negatively buoyant jet into a homogenous immiscible ambient fluid using the Particle Finite Element Method and compare the two‐dimensional numerical results with experiments on the injection of a jet of dyed water through a nozzle in the base of a cylindrical tank containing rapeseed oil. In both simulations and experiments, the fountain inlet flow velocity and nozzle diameter have been varied to cover a wide range of Froude Fr and Reynolds Re numbers ( 0.1 < Fr < 30, 8 < Re < 1350), reproducing both weak and strong laminar fountains. The flow behaviors observed for the different numerical simulations fit in the regime map based on the Re and Fr values of the experiments, and the maximum fountain height is in good agreement with the experimental observations, suggesting that particle finite element method is a useful tool for the study of immiscible two‐fluid systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Delay-dependent exponential stabilization for uncertain linear systems with interval non-differentiable time-varying delays

In this paper, the problem of exponential stabilization for a class of linear systems with time-varying delay is studied. The time delay is a continuous function belonging to a given interval, which means that the lower and upper bounds for the time-varying delay are available, but the delay function is not necessary to be differentiable. Based on the construction of improved Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals combined with Leibniz-Newton’s formula, new delay-dependent sufficient conditions for the exponential stabilization of the systems are first established in terms of LMIs. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate that the derived conditions are much less conservative than those given in the literature.     

相反电荷聚电解质/表面活性剂体系界面行为研究新进展

介绍了中子反射在相反电荷聚电解质/表面活性剂体系的界面行为研究中的基本原理.在阐述经典的弱相互作用体系的界面吸附行为和表面张力曲线的基础上,分析了聚合物浓度、电解质、表面活性剂疏水基链长对相反电荷聚电解质/表面活性剂体系表面张力曲线的影响,并结合中子反射实验结果,根据相反电荷聚电解质/表面活性剂体系的表面张力曲线是否出现突跃峰,将其界面吸附行为分为两类并提出了两种类型表面张力曲线对应的理论模型.     

Estimation of the Interfacial Tension Between the Lamellar and the Sponge Phases of a Lyotropic System

In lyotropic systems, the sponge and the lamellar phases possess the same local structure: a membrane made of a bilayer of surfactants. In the quasiternary lyotropic system CPCl/brine/hexanol, the bilayer is continuous through the interface between the lamellar and the sponge phases. A model based on this phenomenon has predicted a very low value of the interfacial free energy. The study of hydrodynamic relaxation time of distorted spherical lamellar droplets gives an estimation of the interfacial tension value. Results confirm the validity of the model and the dependence on membrane volume fraction is explained by a simple scaling law.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Self-Assembling Some Thiol Surfactants on Gold Nanoparticles

The purpose of this work is to study the self-assembling of some synthesized thiol surfactants namely (mercaptopropane-, mercaptohexane-, mercaptooctane-, and mercaptodecane sodium sulfonate) on the fabricated gold nanoparticles. The self-assembling of these surfactants on gold nanoparticles characterized using different techniques such as FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Spectroscopic evidence suggests that the synthesized thiol surfactants have been attached to the gold nanoparticles. The effect of self-assembling of these surfactants on the size of the gold nanoparticles was studied using TEM images. The growth of the gold nanoparticles was investigated with respect to the increase of alkyl chain in the synthesized thiol surfactants. The results show that the stabilization of gold nanoparticles was affected by the increase in alkyl chain length of these surfactants. The effect of gold nanoparticles on the interfacial tension and the emulsion stability of these surfactants with crude oil was studied.     

Experimental Design Approach to Investigate the Effects of Operating Factors on the Surface Tension,Viscosity, and Stability of Heavy Crude Oil-in-Water Emulsions

In this article, the effects of various operating factors on the surface tension, viscosity, and stability of two heavy oil types in water emulsions for pipeline transportation are studied using the Taguchi experimental design approach. The surface tension of heavy crude oil-in-water emulsion is decreased by increasing the emulsifier concentration while the stability of emulsions is increased. The viscosity and stability are increased by an increase in oil content. An increase in the salinity and mixing speed leads to an increase in the stability of emulsion.     

Polymer-Surfactant Interactions and the Effect of Tail Size Variation on Micellization Process of Cationic ATAB Surfactants in Aqueous Medium

The interactions between oppositely charged surfactant-polymer systems have been studied using surface tension and conductivity measurements and the dependence of aggregation phenomenon over the polyelectrolyte concentration and chain length of cationic ATAB surfactants, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB), and dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB) have been investigated. It was observed that cationic surfactants induce cooperative binding with anionic polyelectrolyte at critical aggregation concentration (cac). The cac values of ATAB surfactants in the presence of anionic polyelectrolyte, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (NaCMC), are considerably lower than their critical micelle concentration (cmc). After the complete complexation, free micelles are formed at the apparent critical micelle concentration (acmc), which is slightly higher in polyelectrolyte aqueous solution than in pure water. Among the cationic surfactants (i.e., CTAB, TTAB, and DTAB), DTAB was found to have least interaction with NaCMC. Surfactants with longer tail size strongly favor the interaction, indicating the dependence of aggregation phenomenon on the structure, morphology, and tail length of the surfactant.      

Modeling Interfacial Tension of n-Alkane/Water-Salt System Using Artificial Neural Networks

In this paper, a feed forward neural network is built and trained using experimental data reported in the literature to model interfacial tension of n-alkane/water-salt systems. Temperature, pressure, molecular weight of n-alkane, and ionic strength of electrolyte solution are used as input to the neural network. The model succeeded to predict interfacial tension of liquid n-alkane/water system with or without the presence of electrolyte and yielded average absolute deviation of 0.58% over all data points. The performance of the model is analyzed and compared against the performance of the other alternative models. It was found out that the proposed model outperforms the other alternatives.