均匀电场中带电粒子的相对论运动

通过求解与坐标系选取无关的三维空间矢量运动方程讨论了带电粒子在均匀电场中的一般相对论性运动,得到了粒子相对论运动轨迹、运动速度和加速度的一般三维矢量式.进而利用Mathematica 6软件进行了相应参数式的动态描绘,并与非相对论极限进行了比较.     

Stokes drag on axially symmetric bodies: a new approach

In this paper a new approach to evaluate the drag force in a simple way on a restricted axially symmetric body placed in a uniform stream (i) parallel to its axis, (ii) transverse to its axis, is advanced when the flow is governed by the Stokes equations. The method exploits the well-known integral for evaluating the drag on a sphere. The method not only provides the value of the drag on prolate and oblate spheroids and a deformed sphere in axial flow which already exists in literature but also new results for a cycloidal body, an egg shaped body and a deformed sphere in transverse flow. The salient results are exhibited graphically. The limitations imposed on the analysis because of the lack of fore and aft symmetry in the case of an eggshaped body is also indicated. It is also seen that the analysis can be extended to calculate the couple on a body rotating about its axis of symmetry.     

Simulation of two‐phase flow–body interaction problems using direct forcing/fictitious domain–level set method

In the present paper, a direct forcing/fictitious domain (DF/FD)–level set method is proposed to simulate the twophase flow–body interaction. The DF/FD does not sacrifice accuracy and robustness by employing a discrete δ (Dirac delta) function to transfer quantities between the Eulerian nodes and Lagrangian points explicitly as the immersed boundary method. The advantages of this approach are the simple concept, the easy implementation and the utilization of original governing equation without modification. The main idea is to combine DF/FD method with the level set method in the Cartesian coordinates. We present the results of a number of test cases to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for single‐phase flow–body interaction problem and the two‐phase flows with a stationary body. Eventually, the simulations of various water entry problems have been conducted to validate the capability and the accuracy of the present method on solving the twophase flow–body interaction. Consequently, the present results are found to be in good agreement with those of previous studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of a novel very large eddy simulation method for simulation of turbulent separated flow

The paper describes the validation of a newly developed very LES (VLES) method for the simulation of turbulent separated flow. The new VLES method is a unified simulation approach that can change seamlessly from Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes to DNS depending on the numerical resolution. Four complex test cases are selected to validate the performance of the new method, that is, the flow past a square cylinder at Re = 3000 confined in a channel (with a blockage ratio of 20%), the turbulent flow over a circular cylinder at Re = 3900 as well as Re = 140,000, and a turbulent backward‐facing step flow with a thick incoming boundary layer at Re = 40,000. The simulation results are compared with available experimental, LES, and detached eddy simulation‐type results. The new VLES model performs well overall, and the predictions are satisfactory compared with previous experimental and numerical results. It is observed that the new VLES method is quite efficient for the turbulent flow simulations; that is, good predictions can be obtained using a quite coarse mesh compared with the previous LES method. Discussions of the implementation of the present VLES modeling are also conducted on the basis of the simulations of turbulent channel flow up to high Reynolds number of Re_τ = 4000. The efficiency of the present VLES modeling is also observed in the channel flow simulation. From a practical point of view, this new method has considerable potential for more complex turbulent flow simulations at relative high Reynolds numbers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of an Optimal Grid for Finite Element Methods

ABSTRACT Finite element solutions of improved quality are obtained by optimizing the location of nodes of the finite element grid, while keeping the number of degrees of freedom fixed. The formulation of the grid optimization problem is based on the reduction of error associated with interpolation of the exact solution, using functions from the finite element space. Element sizes are selected as design variables: length in R1 and area in R2. Analytically derived optimality conditions are presented and an approximation to these conditions is introduced to obtain a set of operationally useful equations that can be used as guidelines for construction of improved grids. Example problems are given for illustration.     

Flow over rectangular porous block in a fixed width channel: influence of porosity and aspect ratio

Flow over a rectangular porous block placed in a fixed width channel is considered and the influence of block aspect ratio on the heat transfer rate from the block is examined. A non-porous solid block is also accommodated to compare the effect of porosity on the flow field and heat transfer characteristics. Aspect ratio and the porosity of the block are varied in the simulations. A numerical scheme employing a control volume approach is considered when predicting the flow and temperature fields. The Reynolds number is selected to yield the mix convection situation in the flow field. It is found that the aspect ratio significantly influences Nu and Gr numbers, in which case increasing the aspect ratio enhances Nu while lowering Gr. Increasing porosity improves the heat transfer rates from the porous block, provided that at high aspect ratios, this situation ceases due to blockage effect of the body in the channel.     

PIV measurement of the flow past a generic car body with wheels at LES applicable Reynolds number

Experiments by using 2D–2C Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were carried out and reported concerning the flow field past a generic car body (modified Ahmed body) which is equipped with wheels and wheel-arches. The Reynolds number was chosen to not exceed 2E+5 based on the height of the Ahmed body which makes it possible to investigate the same configuration by means of Large Eddy Simulation (LES). The wheels were rotating but the ground was stationary. The wheel-ground contact was realized by means of small rectangular openings below the wheels in the ground plane in which the wheels were immersed. The transition contour of the immersed wheels and the ground, as well as the rectangular openings below the wheels were properly sealed to prevent parasite flow and to provide well defined boundary conditions for an upcoming LES investigation.The flow field was measured in several planes with normal vectors pointing towards the directions normal to the free stream. Statistical characteristics of the flow are provided and discussed.     

Nonlinear water wave interaction with floating bodies in SPH

A weakly compressible SPH solver is presented for applications involving nonlinear interaction between water waves and floating bodies. A complete algorithm able to compute fully coupled viscous Fluid–Solid interactions is described. No slip boundary condition on the solid surface is enforced through a ghost–fluid technique and the global loads are evaluated through the momentum exchange between fluid and ghost particles. A dedicated algorithm is developed to manage the intersection between the free surface and the solid profile. An explicit synchronous algorithm is proposed for the full coupling between fluid and rigid bodies. Stability, convergence and conservation properties are tested on several freely floating test cases and a final validation of the full algorithm is performed for the interaction between a 2-D box and a wave packet.     

层片式复合材料摩擦性能与表面形态的研究

粉末冶金材料摩擦面上多组分的混合以及第三体的存在,不利于澄清材料中不同组分对摩擦性能的贡献程度.本文采用机械组合方法制备了铜-钢-铝层片式摩擦材料,通过定速摩擦试验机,在干、湿两种条件下,观察了3种组分的摩擦表面微结构随摩擦速度的变化过程,测试了不同条件下的摩擦性能.结果表明:铜良好的塑性和焊合性,易形成与基体黏附性良好的第三体,使表面的粗糙程度增加;钢较高的强度及其氧化物的脆性,形成的第三体流动性好且与基体的结合强度有限,容易发生开裂和脱落;铝形成的富氧化铝的第三体,其颗粒间较差的黏合程度易在表面弥散分布,使表面平整度好.在摩擦速度低于900 r/min条件下,水分的润滑作用使湿摩擦条件下的摩擦系数低于干摩擦;摩擦速度高于900 r/min时,水分的冷却和清理微细第三体颗粒的作用,降低了材料的软化程度和第三体的流动性,使湿摩擦系数大于干摩擦系数.     

无网格法在三维复杂超音速流场模拟中的应用研究

对最小二乘无网格方法在含复杂外形三维超音速流场中的应用进行了研究.选用分解法求解采用最小二乘法得到的对称方程组,针对最小二乘无网格方法的计算特点生成近似正交均匀分布的离散点,对B1AC2R常规导弹超音速流场采用最小二乘无网格方法进行了无粘数值模拟,计算了B1AC2R常规导弹在不同攻角下的轴向力、法向力及俯仰力矩系数,并将数值结果与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明,最小二乘无网格方法在求解含复杂外形超音速流场时具有较高的准确度,将其应用于三维含复杂外形超音速流场的模拟是完全可行的.