摩擦磨损试验机设计的基础——Ⅲ.设计方法学在摩擦磨损试验机设计中的应用

将设计方法学的一般方法应用于摩擦磨损试验机的设计,这对确定设计方案是科学的和行之有效的。本讲通过一个设计实例说明了设计方法学在摩擦磨损试验机设计中的具体应用问题,并以举例的形式详细地介绍了在方案设计阶段的各个主要工作步骤的实施方法,即建立要求明细表-功能分析-建立设计模幅箱-方案选择-方案评价。其中,关键的是进行功能分析、建立设计模幅箱和方案评价。     

CM－Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机的研制（Ⅱ）─—试验与结果分析

在ＣＭ－Ⅰ型多功能擦膜摩擦试验机上，分别对ＴｉＮ／５２１００钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板和ＴｉＣ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢球－ＴｉＮ／Ｗ９Ｃｒ４Ｖ２Ｍｏ钢板等摩擦副在不同条件下作了擦膜摩擦试验．结果表明，利用ＣＭ－Ⅰ型试验机能够较好地测试出在法向力和摩擦力同时作用下膜－基体系的失效临界载荷，而且测试数据的重复性较好；随着摩擦系数的增大，其失效形式是由底材首先屈服，进而发生镀层被压碎并逐渐转化为完全剥离，临界载荷也随之减小，     

三种腐蚀磨损试验机与两种不锈钢腐蚀磨损性能的研究

腐蚀磨损现象广泛发生在石油，化工，煤矿和电力等工业领域的机械设备中，是造成材料流失和设备失效的主要原因之一，尽管这种磨损现象越来越引起了人们的关注，并且已经对其进行了一些试验研究，然而由于所用的试验设备本身就存在着一定程度的腐蚀磨损，因而很难保持其长期稳定的工作状态，而且目前国内外都还没有定型的专用设备出售．针对这种情况，设计研制了３种可以用于不同研究目的并能长时间稳定工作的腐蚀磨损试验机──稳态     

测试因素对一次性医用口罩通气阻力的影响

针对一次性医用口罩(DMMs)通气阻力测试结果不稳定情况,从测试设备稳定性、气体流量、样品不同位置、气流方向、预处理、测试时间方面展开了研究。结果表明,气体流量、样品不同位置和预处理对口罩的通气阻力有较大影响,测试时间和气流方向对口罩通气阻力无明显影响。研究结果对各生产厂商开发优异DMMs及生产过程质量控制有重要意义。     

超声波在不同浓度NaCl溶液中传播速度的研究

利用超声波声速测定仪测定出超声波在不同浓度NaCl溶液中的传播速度.实验给出,超声波在NaCl溶液中的传播速度与溶液浓度呈线性关系.溶液温度对超声波波速也有影响,并从理论作了分析研究,给出了合理的解释.     

An Investigation of the Reciprocity Principle of Light Exposures Using Microfading Spectrometry

It is frequently assumed that sensitive museum materials follow the reciprocity principle of light exposures. Thus, equivalent exposure doses obtained by using either high-illuminance levels for short periods of time or lower illumination for longer exhibition periods are believed to cause similar degrees of damage to an object. Microfading spectrometry permitted the investigation of this phenomenon by evaluation of light-induced changes in a series of samples. The effects of equivalent exposure doses on materials such as Blue Wool 1, LightCheck Ultra, and various dyed silks from a reference collection were compared. The results indicate that reciprocity is obeyed by the most stable colorants, while materials with lower stability to light may experience deviations that are proportional to the intensity of illumination. This study confirms that reciprocity failure is associated with the use of high-intensity lamps during accelerated-aging trials. Therefore only those tests conducted at low-illumination intensity ranges where reciprocity holds should be employed when one estimates the extent of damage occurring in a museum environment.     

对MM-200型磨损试验机摩擦系数计算公式的修正

对ＭＭ－２００型磨损试验机摩擦系数计算公式重新进行了推导和计算,所得公式与原公式相比可降低求解摩擦系数时的误差．原公式在试环与试块之间的接触角增大时,误差也随之增大,使得试验数据的可靠性和可比性严重降低,因此必须对原计算公式进行修正．     

基于PXI总线便携式万用测试仪的设计

随着电子工业和军事工业的快速发展,对各种各样复杂信号测试的需求日益增多。尤其是在多信号、多频段、多变量的测试环境中,可能会需要多用表、任意波形发生器、示波器、射频信号源、音频分析仪和频谱分析仪等多种测试仪器中某几种仪器的同时使用。设计一款采用PXI总线硬件架构的高性能便携式万用测试仪,它在一台便携式仪器中集成了常用9种通用仪器测试功能,能够满足现场对多种类型信号同时测试的实际需求,在很大程度上提高了测试效率。     

光盘材料静态测试仪及其准线性区聚焦预搜索

本文介绍一台基于商用光盘机的高性能价格比的相变类光盘材料静态测试仪。相对通常由独立元件搭建而成的专用测试仪来说，由于采用商用光盘机机芯，不仅使整个测试仪稳定可靠，对使用环境要求低，而且价格低廉，是国外同类设备价格的十分之一。本文所提出的并由该静态测试仪实现的准线性区光盘聚焦自动预搜索功能，是充分理解及运用光盘聚焦误差信号曲线的正负反馈特性、简单实用而又稳定可靠的自动预搜索方法，降低了对测试样片基片的要求，方便了测试操作。     

Applying ultrasonic fields to separate water contained in medium-gravity crude oil emulsions and determining crude oil adhesion coefficients

Separating produced water is a key part of production processing for most crude oils. It is required for quality reasons, and to avoid unnecessary transportation costs and prevent pipework corrosion rates caused by soluble salts present in the water. A complicating factor is that water is often present in crude oil in the form of emulsions. Experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of ultrasonic fields in demulsifying crude oil emulsions using novel pipe-form equipment. A horn-type piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer with a frequency of 20 kHz and power ranging from 80 W to 1000 W was used for experimental purposes. The influences of the intensity of ultrasonic fields, ultrasonic irradiation time, and the initial water content of crude oils were evaluated to establish the rate of water segregation from oil. The experiments applied ultrasonic-field intensities of $0.25$ W/cm³, $0.5$ W/cm³, $0.75$ W/cm³ and $1$ W/cm³ to synthetic emulsions with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of the water in crude oil. Crude oil demulsification occurred for each ultrasonic field intensity tested for all the samples tested. Function β involving adhesion coefficients was expressed in terms of wave-field intensity and initial concentration of water in each of the three crude oil samples tested. The experiments demonstrated that despite the absence of any chemical demulsifier involved, water separation caused by applying ultrasonic fields was effective and occurred rapidly. As the intensity of the ultrasonic field applied increased, the amount of water segregated from crude oil also increased. Subjected to constant field intensity, higher initial water cuts (up to 15% or so) in the crude oil samples and higher ultrasonic irradiation times, resulted in greater segregation of water from crude oil in percentage terms. However, in samples with initial water cuts of 20+% long irradiation times (~5 min), resulted in a decline in water separation compared to 2-min tests. Ultrasonic field treatments offer commercially-viable and environmentally-friendly alternatives to treatments using chemical demulsifiers as they reduce desalination requirements of wastewater.