有向循环的平衡样本设计

鉴于平衡样本设计在抽样调查中有广泛的应用背景, 因此利用组合设计理论, 讨论了带循环自同构的不含邻点的平衡样本设计, 建立了有向CBSEC 存在的充要条件.     

利用数字散斑相关法测定聚酰亚胺/SiO2合成薄膜的力学性能

聚酰亚胺 /SiO2 合成薄膜是一种具有优良力热光电性能的薄膜材料,在MEMS工艺中具有广阔的应用前景,其力学性能测量的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文将数字散斑相关技术和微拉伸试验相结合,对厚度为 37μm的聚酰亚胺(polyimide) /二氧化硅(SiO2 )合成薄膜进行了力学性能测量,获得了比较满意的结果。文章给出了测得的弹性模量和泊松比。为了解决数字散斑相关法不能直接测量较大变形的缺陷,本文提出了多级相关算法,并利用亚像素搜索和双线性插值进行了数据处理。     

明代长江流域人口大量死亡事件时空特征及原因分析

通过检索古籍文献,整理了明代（公元1368—1644年）长江流域人口大量死亡事件（mass death events,MDE）10 a尺度的频次与县次序列,利用自然断点分级法、空间分析法等分析了MDE的时空特征及发生原因。结果表明：276 a间,长江流域有158 a发生MDE,明代后期发生频次和影响规模最大;季节上,表现为夏季多发（44.3%）,春、秋季次之;空间上,集中分布于长江中下游、尤其是长江三角洲地区,且呈从各省交界处向各省中心扩散的趋势。“未记录原因的饥荒”和“旱灾+其他灾害-饥荒”是造成明代长江流域MDE的主要原因。气候冷干期发生频次多,影响范围广,暖湿期相反,与温度和湿度呈显著负相关;人口规模和社会脆弱程度是主要的社会影响因素。在人口规模大和社会脆弱的明代后期,MDE发生频次高,波及范围广,是气候变化与社会因素共同作用的结果。     

结构应力耦合的微悬臂阵列

微悬臂器件被广泛应用于力学显微镜和光力学研究中,实现微悬臂之间的耦合在高精密测量和量子声子网络构建方面具有重要的应用前景。不同于通过电、磁相互作用实现微纳共振器之间耦合的方法,设计并制备了通过结构应力实现耦合的微悬臂阵列。模拟和实验结果表明,这种结构应力耦合微悬臂阵列不仅可以获得较大的耦合强度和较高的力学性能,同时悬臂之间的耦合强度也容易控制。对于其它形式的微纳共振器,同样可以利用结构应力耦合这种方法来实现共振器之间耦合的阵列。     

Speckle intensity images of target based on Monte Carlo method

Speckle intensity in the detector plane is deduced in the free-space optical system and imaging system based on Van Cittert-Zemike theorem. The speckle intensity images of plane target and conical target are obtained by using the Monte Carlo method and measured experimentally. The results show that when the range extent of target is smaller, the speckle size along the same direction become longer, and the speckle size increase with increasing incident light wavelengths. The speckle size increases and the speckle intensity images of target is closer to the actual object when the aperture scale augments. These findings are useful to access the target information by speckle in laser radar systems.     

Intracavity phase interferometry: frequency combs sensor inside a laser cavity

In traditional interferometric measurements, a physical quantity that changes the phase of a resonator is monitored through a change of its transmission. Interferometry inside a laser exploits the ultimate Q‐factor of that resonator, and converts the phase to be measured into a frequency. A mode‐locked laser with two intracavity pulses emits two frequency combs of the same repetition rate. The quantity to be measured (a sub‐nano displacement, a nonlinear index, an acceleration or rotation, a magnetic or electric field) produces a minute phase change ( rad) in one of the two intracavity pulses, which is converted into a frequency, measured by beating the two pulse trains emitted by the laser. This paper presents methods of operating mode‐locked lasers in which two independent pulses circulate, producing two frequency combs of the same repetition rate. Various examples of physical quantities that can be measured through this technique are presented.     

Triple color images encryption algorithm based on scrambling and the reality-preserving fractional discrete cosine transform

An image encryption algorithm to secure three color images simultaneously by combining scrambling with the reality-preserving fractional discrete cosine transform (RPFrDCT) is proposed. The three color images to be encrypted are converted to their indexed formats by extracting their color maps, which can be considered as the three components of a color image. These three components are affected each other by scrambling the interims obtained from vertically and horizontally combining the three indexed formats with the help of the chaos-based cyclic shift. The three scrambled components are separately transformed with the RPFrDCT, in which the generating sequences are determined by the Chirikov standard chaotic map. Arnold transform is used to further enhance the security. Due to the inherent properties of the chaotic maps, the cipher keys are highly sensitive. Additionally, the cipher image is a single color image instead of three color ones, and is convenient for display, storage and transmission due to the reality property of RPFrDCT. Numerical simulations are performed to show the validity of the proposed algorithm.     

Improvement of ultrasound speckle image velocimetry using image enhancement techniques

Ultrasound-based techniques have been developed and widely used in noninvasive measurement of blood velocity. Speckle image velocimetry (SIV), which applies a cross-correlation algorithm to consecutive B-mode images of blood flow has often been employed owing to its better spatial resolution compared with conventional Doppler-based measurement techniques. The SIV technique utilizes speckles backscattered from red blood cell (RBC) aggregates as flow tracers. Hence, the intensity and size of such speckles are highly dependent on hemodynamic conditions. The grayscale intensity of speckle images varies along the radial direction of blood vessels because of the shear rate dependence of RBC aggregation. This inhomogeneous distribution of echo speckles decreases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a cross-correlation analysis and produces spurious results. In the present study, image-enhancement techniques such as contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), min/max technique, and subtraction of background image (SB) method were applied to speckle images to achieve a more accurate SIV measurement. A mechanical sector ultrasound scanner was used to obtain ultrasound speckle images from rat blood under steady and pulsatile flows. The effects of the image-enhancement techniques on SIV analysis were evaluated by comparing image intensities, velocities, and cross-correlation maps. The velocity profiles and wall shear rate (WSR) obtained from RBC suspension images were compared with the analytical solution for validation. In addition, the image-enhancement techniques were applied to in vivo measurement of blood flow in human vein. The experimental results of both in vitro and in vivo SIV measurements show that the intensity gradient in heterogeneous speckles has substantial influence on the cross-correlation analysis. The image-enhancement techniques used in this study can minimize errors encountered in ultrasound SIV measurement in which RBCs are used as flow tracers instead of exogenous contrast agents.     

Ultrasound line-by-line scanning method of spatial–temporal active cavitation mapping for high-intensity focused ultrasound

This paper presented an ultrasound line-by-line scanning method of spatial–temporal active cavitation mapping applicable in a liquid or liquid filled tissue cavities exposed by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Scattered signals from cavitation bubbles were obtained in a scan line immediately after one HIFU exposure, and then there was a waiting time of 2 s long enough to make the liquid back to the original state. As this pattern extended, an image was built up by sequentially measuring a series of such lines. The acquisition of the beamformed radiofrequency (RF) signals for a scan line was synchronized with HIFU exposure. The duration of HIFU exposure, as well as the delay of the interrogating pulse relative to the moment while HIFU was turned off, could vary from microseconds to seconds. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated in tap-water and a tap-water filled cavity in the tissue-mimicking gelatin–agar phantom as capable of observing temporal evolutions of cavitation bubble cloud with temporal resolution of several microseconds, lateral and axial resolution of 0.50 mm and 0.29 mm respectively. The dissolution process of cavitation bubble cloud and spatial distribution affected by cavitation previously generated were also investigated. Although the application is limited by the requirement for a gassy fluid (e.g. tap water, etc.) that allows replenishment of nuclei between HIFU exposures, the technique may be a useful tool in spatial–temporal cavitation mapping for HIFU with high precision and resolution, providing a reference for clinical therapy.