全文获取类型
收费全文 | 7061篇 |
免费 | 578篇 |
国内免费 | 499篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1213篇 |
晶体学 | 66篇 |
力学 | 4644篇 |
综合类 | 90篇 |
数学 | 642篇 |
物理学 | 1483篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 6篇 |
2023年 | 34篇 |
2022年 | 213篇 |
2021年 | 245篇 |
2020年 | 184篇 |
2019年 | 121篇 |
2018年 | 135篇 |
2017年 | 191篇 |
2016年 | 254篇 |
2015年 | 201篇 |
2014年 | 255篇 |
2013年 | 400篇 |
2012年 | 242篇 |
2011年 | 330篇 |
2010年 | 274篇 |
2009年 | 326篇 |
2008年 | 340篇 |
2007年 | 398篇 |
2006年 | 413篇 |
2005年 | 361篇 |
2004年 | 381篇 |
2003年 | 331篇 |
2002年 | 241篇 |
2001年 | 257篇 |
2000年 | 256篇 |
1999年 | 227篇 |
1998年 | 181篇 |
1997年 | 173篇 |
1996年 | 179篇 |
1995年 | 146篇 |
1994年 | 125篇 |
1993年 | 126篇 |
1992年 | 110篇 |
1991年 | 100篇 |
1990年 | 63篇 |
1989年 | 59篇 |
1988年 | 58篇 |
1987年 | 54篇 |
1986年 | 36篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 22篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 22篇 |
1981年 | 18篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
1971年 | 4篇 |
1957年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有8138条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
941.
In this work, the stress recovery behavior of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) fiber was investigated. The as‐spun SMPU fibers were subjected to various programing‐recovery conditions. It was observed that recovering at 100 °C generated higher recovery stress than recovering at 150 °C. It was also found that, while hot‐drawn programed fiber has higher recovery stress than cold‐drawn programed fiber if recovered at 100 °C, cold‐drawn programed fiber has higher stabilized recovery stress than hot‐drawn programed counterpart when recovered at 150 °C. A morphological model was proposed based on the results from differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction to understand the physics behind the different stress recovery behaviors. It is found that SMPU experiences different phase transitions and phase separations under different programing and stress recovery conditions. It is concluded that the two sequential phase separations taking place at 100 and 150 °C are primarily responsible for the differences in the stress recovery behavior. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 1429–1440 相似文献
942.
含孔隙混凝土二维细观建模方法研究 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
根据混凝土的细观组成和结构特点,对传统二维建模方法加以继承与改进,提出了一种高效的分步入侵判定算法.将孔隙直观地反映在模型中,建立了不同的含孔隙混凝土细观模型.对含圆形、椭圆形、多边形骨料与圆形、椭圆形孔隙的混凝土标准试件分别进行了建模研究,结果表明本文的算法具有较强适用性.同时,通过对不同面积率与多种形状骨料/孔隙混凝土的大量建模进一步验证了该算法的效率.模拟了混凝土试件在单轴压缩下的准静态力学性能,分析了混凝土内部孔隙对其裂纹扩展的主要路径、破坏模式以及宏观力学性能的显著影响. 相似文献
943.
We study the difference in the maximum stress on a cylinder surface σmax using the measured surface heat transfer coefficient hm instead of its average value ha during quenching. In the quenching temperatures of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 800°C, the maximum surface stress σmmax calculated by hm is always smaller than σamax calculated by ha, except in the case of 800°C; while the time to reach σmax calculated by hm (fmmax) is always earlier than that by ha (famax). It is inconsistent with the traditional view that σmax increases with increasing Biot number and the time to reach σmax decreases with increasing Biot number. Other temperature-dependent properties also have a small effect on the trend of their mutual ratios with quenching temperatures. Such a difference between the two maximum surface stresses is caused by the dramatic variation of hm with temperature, which needs to be considered in engineering analysis. 相似文献
944.
In this paper, we are interested in evaluating the resilience of financial portfolios under extreme economic conditions. Therefore, we use empirical measures to characterize the transmission process of macroeconomic shocks to risk parameters. We propose the use of an extensive family of models, called General Transfer Function Models, which condense well the characteristics of the transmission described by the impact measures. The procedure for estimating the parameters of these models is described employing the Bayesian approach and using the prior information provided by the impact measures. In addition, we illustrate the use of the estimated models from the credit risk data of a portfolio. 相似文献
945.
Structure-based turbulence models (SBM) carry information about the turbulence structure that is needed for the prediction of complex non-equilibrium flows. SBM have been successfully used to predict a number of canonical flows, yet their adoption rate in engineering practice has been relatively low, mainly because of their departure from standard closure formulations, which hinders easy implementation in existing codes. Here, we demonstrate the coupling between the Algebraic Structure-Based Model (ASBM) and the one-equation Spalart–Allmaras (SA) model, which provides an easy route to bringing structure information in engineering turbulence closures. As the ASBM requires correct predictions of two turbulence scales, which are not taken into account in the SA model, Bradshaw relations and numerical optimizations are used to provide the turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. Attention is paid to the robustness and accuracy of the hybrid model, showing encouraging results for a number of simple test cases. An ASBM module in Fortran-90 is provided along with the present paper in order to facilitate the testing of the model by interested readers. 相似文献
946.
In this article, programming is classified as hot, warm, and cold, based on the temperature zone within which the programming is conducted. The strain and stress locking and releasing mechanisms are discussed within the thermodynamics framework. A new formula is developed for quantifying the strain recovery ratio of cold-programmed SMPs. Stress fixity ratio and stress recovery ratio are also defined based on the understanding of stress locking and recovery mechanisms. State-of-the-art literature on warm and cold programming is reviewed. Well-controlled programming as well as free strain recovery test and constrained stress recovery test are conducted, in order to validate the memory mechanisms discussed in this study. It is found that, while programming temperature has an insignificant effect on the final free shape recovery, it has a significant effect on the stress recovery. The recovery stress programmed by cold programming may be lower, equal to, or higher than that by hot programming, due to the different stress locking mechanisms and other factors such as damage during the thermomechanical cycle. Cold, Warm, and Hot Programming of Shape Memory Polymers © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1319–1339 相似文献
947.
Hossein Birjandi Nejad Katie L. Garrison Patrick T. Mather 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2016,54(14):1415-1426
Self-healing materials exhibit the ability to repair and to recover their functionality upon damage. Here, we report on an investigation into preparation and characterization of shape memory assisted self-healing coatings. We built on past work in which poly(ε-caprolactone) electrospun fibers were infiltrated with a shape memory epoxy matrix and delve into fabricating and characterizing a coating with the same materials, but employing a blending approach, polymerization induced phase separation. After applying controlled damage, the ability of both coatings to self-heal upon heating was investigated. In both methods, coatings showed excellent thermally induced crack closure and protection against corrosion, with the blend approach being more suitable for large-scale applications given its process simplicity. Two different approaches to the preparation of shape memory-based self-healing coatings were compared for their ability to heal structurally and functionally by heating. These two approaches, electrospinning versus polymerization-induced phase separation were found to feature comparable and quite complete healing, with the latter system offering the advantage of facile processing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 1415–1426 相似文献
948.
Jinlian Hu Bipin Kumar Harishkumar Narayana 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2015,53(13):893-898
Like shape memory polymers, a novel phenomenon of stress memory was shown in which the stress of a material can respond to an external stimulus. This concept was further enlightened by a switch‐spring‐frame model that would eliminate the limitation of existing models which overlooked the stimulus responsive nature of such polymers. The discovery being reported in this article was stemmed from a real case study into shape memory polymer fibers in compression stocking for varicose veins. The breakthrough of stress memory enabled researchers to develop applications needing stimuli‐responsive forces, which can broaden the horizon of such smart polymers in emerging smart products in many multidisciplinary fields such as sensors, stress garments, and massage devices, electronic skins, and artificial muscles. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015 , 53, 893–898 相似文献
949.
Global quantification of phosphoproteins combining metabolic labeling and gel‐based proteomics in B. pumilus
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Electrophoresis》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
《Electrophoresis》2018,39(2):334-343
Differential proteomics targeting the protein abundance is commonly used to follow changes in biological systems. Differences in localization and degree of post‐translational modifications of proteins including phosphorylations are of tremendous interest due to the anticipated role in molecular regulatory processes. Because of their particular low abundance in prokaryotes, identification and quantification of protein phosphorylation is traditionally performed by either comparison of spot intensities on two‐dimensional gels after differential phosphoprotein staining or gel‐free by stable isotope labeling, sequential phosphopeptide enrichment and following LC‐MS analysis. In the current work, we combined in a proof‐of‐principle experiment these techniques using 14N/15N metabolic labeling with succeeding protein separation on 2D gels. The visualization of phosphorylations on protein level by differential staining was followed by protein identification and determination of phosphorylation sites and quantification by LC‐MS/MS. This approach should avoid disadvantages of traditional workflows, in particular the limited capability of peptide‐based gel‐free methods to quantify isoforms of proteins. Comparing control and stress conditions allowed for relative quantification in protein phosphorylation in Bacillus pumilus exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Altogether, we quantified with this method 19 putatively phosphorylated proteins. 相似文献
950.
Vinyl Sulfonate Esters: Efficient Chain Transfer Agents for the 3D Printing of Tough Photopolymers without Retardation
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Dr. Konstanze Seidler Dr. Markus Griesser Markus Kury Dr. Reghunathan Harikrishna Dr. Peter Dorfinger Dr. Thomas Koch Anastasiya Svirkova Prof. Martina Marchetti‐Deschmann Prof. Juergen Stampfl Prof. Norbert Moszner Dr. Christian Gorsche Prof. Robert Liska 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2018,57(29):9165-9169
The formation of networks through light‐initiated radical polymerization allows little freedom for tailored network design. The resulting inhomogeneous network architectures and brittle material behavior of such glassy‐type networks limit the commercial application of photopolymers in 3D printing, biomedicine, and microelectronics. An ester‐activated vinyl sulfonate ester (EVS) is presented for the rapid formation of tailored methacrylate‐based networks. The chain transfer step induced by EVS reduces the kinetic chain length of the photopolymer, thus shifting the gel point to higher conversion, which results in reduced shrinkage stress and higher overall conversion. The resulting, more homogeneous network is responsible for the high toughness of the material. The unique property of EVS to promote nearly retardation‐free polymerization can be attributed to the fact that after the transfer step no polymerizable double bond is formed, as is usually seen in classical chain transfer agents. Laser flash photolysis, theoretical calculations, and photoreactor studies were used to elucidate the fast chain transfer reaction and exceptional regulating ability of EVS. Final photopolymer networks exhibit improved mechanical performance making EVS an outstanding candidate for the 3D printing of tough photopolymers. 相似文献