Prediction of vascular injury by cavitation microbubbles in a focused ultrasound field

Many studies have shown that microbubble cavitation is one mechanism for vascular injury under ultrasonic excitation. Previous work has attributed vascular damage to vessel expansions and invaginations due to the expansion and contraction of microbubbles. However, the mechanisms of vascular damage are not fully understood. In this paper, we investigate, theoretically and experimentally, the vessel injury due to stress induced by ultrasound-induced cavitation (UIC). A bubble-fluid-vessel coupling model is constructed to investigate the interactions of the coupling system. The dynamics process of vessel damage due to UIC is theoretically simulated with a finite element method, and a focused ultrasound (FU) setup is carried out and used to assess the vessel damage. The results show that shear stress contributes to vessel injury by cell detachment while normal stress mainly causes distention injury. Similar changes in cell detachment in a vessel over time can be observed with the experimental setup. The severity of vascular injury is correlated to acoustic parameters, bubble-wall distance, and microbubble sizes, and the duration of insonation..     

Influence of the tangential velocity on the compressible Kelvin−Helmholtz instability with nonequilibrium effects

Kelvin−Helmholtz (KH) instability is a fundamental fluid instability that widely exists in nature and engineering. To better understand the dynamic process of the KH instability, the influence of the tangential velocity on the compressible KH instability is investigated by using the discrete Boltzmann method based on the nonequilibrium statistical physics. Both hydrodynamic and thermodynamic nonequilibrium (TNE) effects are probed and analyzed. It is found that, on the whole, the global density gradients, the TNE strength and area firstly increase and decrease afterwards. Both the global density gradient and heat flux intensity in the vertical direction are almost constant in the initial stage before a vortex forms. Moreover, with the increase of the tangential velocity, the KH instability evolves faster, hence the global density gradients, the TNE strength and area increase in the initial stage and achieve their peak earlier, and their maxima are higher for a larger tangential velocity. Physically, there are several competitive mechanisms in the evolution of the KH instability. (i) The physical gradients increase and the TNE effects are strengthened as the interface is elongated. The local physical gradients decrease and the local TNE intensity is weakened on account of the dissipation and/or diffusion. (ii) The global heat flux intensity is promoted when the physical gradients increase. As the contact area expands, the heat exchange is enhanced and the global heat flux intensity increases. (iii) The global TNE intensity reduces with the decreasing of physical gradients and increase with the increasing of TNE area. (iv) The nonequilibrium area increases as the fluid interface is elongated and is widened because of the dissipation and/or diffusion.     

New insights on free energies and Saint-Venant’s principle in viscoelasticity

Explicit expressions for the minimum free energy of a linear viscoelastic material and Noll’s definition of state are used here to explore spatial energy decay estimates for viscoelastic bodies, in the full dynamical case and in the quasi-static approximation.In the inertial case, Chirita et al. obtained a certain spatial decay inequality for a space–time integral over a portion of the body and over a finite time interval of the total mechanical energy. This involves the work done on histories, which is not a function of state in general. Here it is shown that for free energies which are functions of state and obey a certain reasonable property, the spatial decay of the corresponding space–time integral is stronger than the one involving the work done on the past history. It turns out that the bound obtained is optimal for the minimal free energy.Two cases are discussed for the quasi-static approximation. The first case deals with general states, so that general histories belonging to the equivalence class of any given state can be considered. The continuity of the stress functional with respect to the norm based on the minimal free energy is proved, and the energy measure based on the minimal free energy turns out to obey the decay inequality derived Chirita et al. for the quasi-static case.The second case explores a crucial point for viscoelastic materials, namely that the response is influenced by the rate of application of loads. Quite surprisingly, the analysis of this phenomenon in the context of Saint-Venant principles has never been carried out explicitly before, even in the linear case. This effect is explored by considering states, the related histories of which are sinusoidal. The spatial decay parameter is shown to be frequency-dependent, i.e. it depends on the rate of load application, and it is proved that of those considered, the most conservative estimate of the frequency-dependent decay is associated with the minimal free energy. A comparison is made of the results for sinusoidal histories at low frequencies and general histories.     

Effects of initial stress on the reflection and transmission waves at the interface between two piezoelectric half spaces

The effects of initial stress on the reflection and transmission waves at the interface between two piezoelectric half spaces are studied in this paper. First, the secular equations in the traverse isotropic piezoelectric half space are derived from the general dynamic equation with initial stress taken into consideration. Then, the interface conditions that displacement, stress, electric potential, and electric displacement are continuous across interface are required to be satisfied by three sets of coupled waves, namely, quasi-longitudinal wave, quasi-transverse wave and the electric–acoustic wave. The algebraic equations resulting from the interface conditions are solved to obtain the amplitude ratio of various waves and furthermore the energy reflection and transmission coefficients of various waves. The numerical results are shown graphically and the effects of initial stress are discussed.     

TRANSVERSE BUCKLING OF STRIP

薄宽带钢的横向瓢曲是一种产生机理与解决对策都未知的板形缺陷。基于艾利应力函数和Timo-shenko 最小功原理建立了横向瓢曲前屈曲变形的力学模型,获得了其前屈曲应力场分布的表达式;运用伽辽金虚位移原理解法获得了其临界屈曲载荷。研究结果可为连退线上板带材生产过程中横向瓢曲的预测和控制提供参考依据。     

初始堆积对发射药床底部挤压应力的影响

为给发射装药发射安全性的评估提供关键数据,对不同初始堆积发射药床进行了挤压破碎实验,测得了发射药床底部的挤压应力。利用离散单元法,建立了发射装药挤压破碎动力学模型,对发射药床的挤压应力进行了计算。实验结果和计算结果吻合较好。随机堆积药床底部的挤压应力较一致,竖排堆积药床底部的挤压应力差异较大。     

微焊点电致损伤与断裂的实验及数值研究

本文制作了微焊点试件,并通过施加较大的电载荷使其发生了电迁移。对微焊点在电迁移过程中的微观组织形貌及其演化进行了观察。结果发现,高温和常温条件下的电致失效模式都是阴极处的界面断裂,但是低温条件下的迁移试件会在阳极处形成凸丘,而高温下则没有。此外,本文还测试了微焊点在电迁移过程中的电阻、温度场以及塑性变形,以期找到微焊点电致损伤的表征方法。实验表明,红外方法可以快速准确地发现焊点表面和内部的缺陷,而电阻值对微焊点的电致损伤并不敏感。最后本文采用有限元方法分析了微焊点的电致应力及空位浓度,较好地解释了微焊点电致失效的机制。     

全尺寸隔水管在复杂应力状态下的力学特性试验研究

为对隔水管在复杂应力状态下的力学特性进行试验研究,研制了能够模拟高液压环境下管柱力学行为的特殊试验装置——深水管柱力学模拟试验系统,并借助该系统对全尺寸隔水管在受内外压条件下进行了力学特性模拟试验。结果表明:试验系统运行良好,能够有效地按照要求进行加载、卸载。试验中通过对隔水管试件进行内外压加载,同时对系统两端的轴向活塞加压,消除了由于内外压产生的轴向力,实现了在内外压条件下的隔水管力学特性模拟试验。通过在管柱外壁粘贴电阻应变片,得到了其真实径向应变与环向应变随内外压变化的关系曲线,并通过分析计算得到了试件的真实应力状态。由于隔水管加工制造等方面的误差,真实的应变数据、应力状态与理论推导结果并不重合。为了提高深水作业的安全性与经济性,可以借用试验结果对理论推导值进行修正,也说明了用试验方法进行隔水管力学特性研究的重要性。该试验系统为深水作业管柱等的模拟试验提供了一个良好的平台,能够有效降低深水钻采作业的风险,提高深水钻采作业的经济性与安全性,具有较高的推广应用价值。     

应力平衡和接触状态在Hopkinson杆测试聚合物动态弹性模量中的影响研究

针对用Hopkinson杆试验能否准确测量聚合物动态弹性模量以及其中主要影响因素的问题,本文基于重构试样初始加载阶段的应力波反射透射过程,分别计算了6个特征时间内的前三次反射波和透射波,得到试样的应力平衡度和试样的应力应变曲线。对于所研究的聚合物材料,通过比较重构的应力应变曲线的弹性模量与输入的材料弹性模量,发现在4个特征时间后,误差仅在3%左右。因此试样变形过程中的应力平衡与否不是材料在Hopkinson杆试验中弹性模量测不准的原因。通过环氧树脂试样试验发现,根据Hopkinson杆理论计算的应变结果要大于试样上应变片实测的结果,误差在11%左右。相应的数值模拟研究发现:试样和杆子端面接触状态直接决定着试样弹性模量测量的精度。关于惯性效应和压痕效应的研究也证实它们的影响是可以忽略的。