Use of Fluorescence Probes for Detection of Reactive Nitrogen Species: A Review

The biological and toxicological effects that have been attributed to reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are increasingly stirring the scientific inquisitiveness about the molecular mechanisms involved. However, RNS present some characteristics that complicate their detection, namely their short lifetime and the normal presence of a variety of endogenous compounds capable of reacting with these reactive species, when the studies are performed in biological matrices. The development of methodologies capable of circumvent these difficulties is thus of fundamental importance. Fluorescence probes are particularly important due to their high sensibility and usefulness in temporal and spatial monitoring of RNS, particularly in microanalysis conditions in biological media akin to cells or tissues. In the present review is given an account of the fluorescence probes that have been used for detection of nitric oxide (^⋅NO), peroxynitrite anion (ONOO⁻), as well as of some of its derivatives in biological and nonbiological media.     

Fracture of a biopolymer gel as a viscoplastic disentanglement process

We present an extensive experimental study of mode-I, steady, slow crack dynamics in gelatin gels. Taking advantage of the sensitivity of the elastic stiffness to gel composition and history we confirm and extend the model for fracture of physical hydrogels which we proposed in a previous paper (Nature Mater. 5, 552 (2006)), which attributes decohesion to the viscoplastic pull-out of the network-constituting chains. So, we propose that, in contrast with chemically cross-linked ones, reversible gels fracture without chain scission.     

静脉壁的力学特性及负压失稳问题

应用一类超弹性应变能函数,通过非线性弹性理论,研究了静脉壁在跨壁压及轴向拉伸联合作用下的变形和应力分布等力学特性,并分析了静脉壁的负压失稳问题．首先利用超弹性材料薄壁圆筒模型,得到了静脉壁在跨壁压及轴向拉伸联合作用下的变形方程,给出了正常静脉压下静脉壁的变形曲线和应力分布曲线,讨论了静脉壁的变形和应力分布规律．然后给出了负跨壁压下静脉壁的变形曲线,并由能量比较讨论了静脉壁的负压失稳问题．     

杂交元零能模式抑制的正交基本变形模式方法

通过杂交元位移场直接推导了单元基本变形模式,并且采用联合正交条件提出一种新的正交化方法,所得到的正交基本变形模式不仅具有简单的变形特征而且和材料参数无关,可以方便有效地考察单元性能,为评价不同杂交元提供了一个统一的参考标准．在此基础上利用柔度矩阵正定性给出一种简单有效的零能模式识别方法,并进一步利用基本变形模式和初始应力模式之间耦合关系,提出一种抑制杂交元零能模式的假设应力场方法,同时指出基本变形模式正交性是抑制单元零能模式的充分必要条件．2D-4节点和3D-8节点单元的数值算例说明了该文基本变形模式方法的有效性．     

激光快速烧结合成A(WO4)2(A=Zr2+,Hf2+)的特性研究

利用二氧化碳激光快速凝固技术合成了负热膨胀材料ZrW2O8和HfW2 O8,Raman光谱和X射线衍射分析表明激光烧结合成的ZrW2 O8为正交相,压应力的大小估计在0.4～0.5 GPa之间,激光烧结合成的HfW2 O8,主要为立方晶系,含有极少量的正交系,压应力的大小估计在0.6 GPa左右,这是由于样品在快速凝固的过程中受到了压应力造成的.由于压应力的影响,二氧化碳激光快速凝固技术更适合HfW2O8的制备和合成.     

大涡模拟研究展向旋转槽道湍流流动

本文用大涡模拟预测了以不同转速做展向旋转的槽道湍流流动,统计平均的流向速度型在壁面附近与已有实验数据符合很好,在通道中部的预测差异也能给出合理解释,对比不同转速的计算结果,表明展向旋转通道的湍流应力和壁面摩擦力在压力面附近提高、在吸力面附近降低,这些高阶湍流统计量的变化规律可以结合湍流应力输运方程加以解释,漩涡识别技术显示了近壁条带结构,其形态和猝发率受旋转附加力的影响发生改变,进而影响壁面摩擦速度的数值和分布,进一步考察垂直流动方向的截面内速度分布,发现旋转引起了垂直壁面方向的流动,形成正负相间排列的流向涡对,并随着转速的增加向压力面靠近。      

Pulsatile blood flow in large arteries: comparative study of Burton’s and McDonald’s models

To get a clear picture of the pulsatile nature of blood flow and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a comparative study of blood flow in large arteries is carried out using the two widely used models, McDonald＇s and Burton＇s models, for the pressure gradient. For both models, the blood velocity in the lumen is obtained analytically. Elaborate investigations on the wall shear stress （WSS） and oscillatory shear index （OSI） are carried out. The results are in good agreement with the available data in the literature. The superiority of McDonald＇s model in capturing the pulsatile nature of blood flow, especially the OSI, is highlighted. The present investigation supports the hypothesis that not only WSS but also OSI are the essential features determining the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Finally, by reviewing the limitations of the present investigation, the possibility of improvement is explored.     

冬小麦冻害胁迫高光谱分析与冻害严重度反演

对冬小麦冻害严重度的精确反演是及时采取补救措施降低损失的关键,同时及时预测产量损失对政府职能部门也具有积极意义。针对冬小麦冻害群体严重度评估方法在经典统计反演模型存在估算效果不理想的情况下,以冬小麦为试验对象,首先对冬小麦冠层光谱反射率数据进行重采样平滑处理,再用主成分分析(PCA)技术对高光谱数据进行分析,进一步实现综合原始光谱主成分信息作为自变量参与冬小麦冻害严重度反演过程,最后采用决定系数R2、均方根误差RMSE、准确度Accuracy三种模型精度验证方法对模型进行评价。结果显示,基于主成分分析法建立冬小麦冻害严重度模型精度分别达0.697 5,0.184 2和0.697 5;同时对反演模型进行验证,其精度也分别达到0.630 9,0.350 3和1.339 6。因此,该方法能有效地对冬小麦冻害严重度进行快速、精确的反演。     

弹性半空间地基上圆形基础板的位移场和应力场

针对弹性半空间地基上圆形基础底板的弯曲问题,根据地基土壤的受力特性和已有实验研究成果,假设圆形基础底板底部与地基土壤之间是由竖向集中荷载引起的接触应力分布形式,采用板的弯曲理论和通过数值积分及最小二乘法拟合的方法,推导出完全满足边界条件的弹性半空间地基上圆形基础底板上部受集中力作用、下部受幂函数形式连续分布荷载作用时的位移场、径向和环向应力场的表达式。尽管圆形基础板属于中厚度板,但是该表达式的计算精度和可靠性得到了有限元分析软件ANSYS验证。     

Effects of size-dependent elasticity on stability of nanotweezers

It is well-recognized that the electromechanical response of a nanostructure is affected by its element size. In the present article, the size dependent stability behavior and nanotweezers fabricated from nanowires are investigated by modified couple stress elasticity （MCSE）. The governing equation of the nanotweezers is obtained by taking into account the presence of Coulomb and intermolecular attractions. To solve the equation, four techniques, i.e., the modified variational iteration method （MVIM）, the monotonic iteration method （MIM）, the MAPLE numerical solver, and a lumped model, are used. The variations of the arm displacement of the tweezers versus direct current （DC） voltage are obtained. The instability parameters, i.e., pull-in voltage and deflection of the system, are computed. The results show that size-dependency will affect the stability of the nanotweezers significantly if the diameter of the nanowire is of the order of the length scale. The impact of intermolecular attraction on the size-dependent stability of the system is discussed.