Conditional dissipation of scalars in homogeneous turbulence: Closure for MMC modelling

While the mean and unconditional variance are to be predicted well by any reasonable turbulent combustion model, these are generally not sufficient for the accurate modelling of complex phenomena such as extinction/reignition. An additional criterion has been recently introduced: accurate modelling of the dissipation timescales associated with fluctuations of scalars about their conditional mean (conditional dissipation timescales). Analysis of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) results for a passive scalar shows that the conditional dissipation timescale is of the order of the integral timescale and smaller than the unconditional dissipation timescale. A model is proposed: the conditional dissipation timescale is proportional to the integral timescale. This model is used in Multiple Mapping Conditioning (MMC) modelling for a passive scalar case and a reactive scalar case, comparing to DNS results for both. The results show that this model improves the accuracy of MMC predictions so as to match the DNS results more closely using a relatively-coarse spatial resolution compared to other turbulent combustion models.     

Conditional statistics of inert droplet effects on turbulent combustion in reacting mixing layers

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulent reacting mixing layers laden with evaporating inert droplets is used to assess the droplet effects in the context of the conditional moment closure (CMC) for multiphase turbulent combustion. The temporally developing mixing layer has an initial Reynolds number of 1000 based on the vorticity thickness with more than 16 million Lagrangian droplets traced. An equivalent mixture fraction incorporating the inert vapour mass fractions clearly demonstrates the effects of vapour dilution on the mixture. Instantaneous fields and conditional statistics, such as the singly conditioned scalar dissipation rate, the gas temperature 〈 T _g|η 〉, conditional variance of the gas temperature 〈 T _g ^”2|η 〉 and conditional covariance between the fuel mass fraction and gas temperature 〈 Y _f ^” T _g ^”|η 〉 show considerable droplet effects. Comparison between the droplet-free and droplet-laden reacting mixing layer cases suggests significant extinction in the latter case. The resulting large conditional fluctuations around the conditional means contradict the basic assumption behind the first-order singly conditioned CMC. More sophisticated CMC approaches, such as doubly conditioned or second-order CMCs are, in principle, better able to incorporate the effects of evaporating droplets, but significant modelling challenges exist. The scalar dissipation rate doubly conditioned on the mixture fraction and a normalized gas temperature 〈 χ | η, ζ 〉 exemplifies the modelling complexity in the CMC of multiphase combustion.     

Measurement of the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in a turbulent premixed butane-air flame by means of a laser-based interferometer technique

With a view to measuring the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in a turbulent premixed butane-air flame, a thin laser beam is sent into the flame perpendicular to the flow direction. The laser beam generally undergoes fluctuations of direction, phase, and amplitude. Only the random deflections of the laser beam may be taken into account. After having traversed the flame, the perturbed laser beam enters into an interferometric system. Materials and experimental procedure are described. In the unperturbed interference pattern, the zones only sensitive to fluctuations of the angle-of-arrival of the laser beam are detected. From the random displacements of the central bright fringe, the structure coefficient of refractive index fluctuations in the flame is measured. To prove that the method of measurement is satisfactory, the result obtained is applied for computing the power spectral density of the angle-of-arrival of the laser beam from the formula of correlations of the laser beam deflection angles which we have demonstrated in previous works. This computed power spectral density is compared to that measured from the effective position of the detector. A good agreement is observed between the two results.     

煤粉燃烧过程中相转变点的小波识别

相变点的识别对研究煤粉的低温共熔和结焦有重要意义.本文分别对活性炭和加入SiO2的活性炭混合物的DSC曲线求导得到的DDSC曲线进行小波分析,提取DDSC曲线的近似部分和细节部分,得到更多关于相变的定量信息,再结合其TG,DTG曲线进行分析,实现对以上两种样品燃烧过程中相变点的识别;并将该方法运用到煤粉燃烧过程的相变分析中,对相变点后的烧结形态的场发射扫描电镜分析结果表明该方法是可行的.     

La1．6（MoO4）3∶Eu3＋0．4纳米晶合成及发光特性

采用燃烧法合成了La1．6（MoO4）3∶Eu3＋0．4纳米晶末,研究了其声子-掺杂-晶格相互作用和发光性质。 X射线粉末衍射（XRD）分析表明,在500～900℃退火后,La1．6（MoO4）3∶Eu3＋0．4样品为单一晶相。对样品进行了光致发光（PL）测量,激发Mo6＋-O2－电荷迁移带,观察到Eu3＋的系列发光,表明Mo6＋-O2－带和Eu3＋间存在能量传递,中心波长分别在λ1＝469 nm和λ2＝426 nm处的两个one-phonon边带,相应的声子能量分别为767和1202 cm－1,分别对应于Mo O和Mo—O—Mo伸缩振动。同时,计算了两个局域模电子-声子耦合强度的黄昆因子分别为S1＝0.055和S2＝0.037,为揭示其三价离子高传导特性及其负热膨胀物理特性提供了实验基础。     

Investigation of self-adaptive algebraic tomography for gas reconstruction in larger temperature range by multiple wavelengths absorption spectroscopy

We develop a self-adaptive algebraic tomography algorithm （SAATA） to investigate the simultaneons reconstruction of concentration and temperature distributions in larger temperature range from two views. The simplified optical arrangement with fewer projections is realized by extension of spectral information at multiple wavelengths, resulting in great potential in applications of practical combustion diagnosis. Tile results show SAATA can perform much better reconstructions in 300 3000 K temperature range than genetic simulated annealing algorithm and least-square orthogonal-triangular decomposition method with two- wavelength scheme. More phantoms are created to demonstrate the capability of SAATA to capture the peaks and adapt for both flat and sharp temperature distributions. Meanwhile, the advantage of high stability ensures better reconstruction performance at noise levels from 0.1% to 10% in projections.     

Premixed turbulent combustion modeling using tabulated detailed chemistry and PDF

Tabulated chemistry and presumed probability density function (PDF) approaches are combined to perform RANS modeling of premixed turbulent combustion. The chemistry is tabulated from premixed flamelets with three independent parameters: the equivalence ratio of the mixture, the progress of reaction, and the specific enthalpy, to account for heat losses at walls. Mean quantities are estimated from presumed PDFs. This approach is used to numerically predict a turbulent premixed flame diluted by hot burnt products at an equivalence ratio that differs from the main stream of reactants. The investigated flame, subjected to high velocity fluctuations, has a thickened-wrinkled structure. A recently proposed closure for scalar dissipation rate that includes an estimation of the coupling between flame wrinkling and micromixing is retained. Comparisons of simulations with experimental measurements of mean velocity, temperature, and reactants are performed.     

Investigation of lubricant induced pre-ignition and knocking combustion in an optical spark ignition engine

An experimental study was performed to investigate lubricant oil induced pre-ignition and knocking combustion process in a single cylinder spark ignition (SI) engine with full bore overhead optical access. Lubricant oil was deliberately injected to the exhaust area through a specially modified direct injector to trigger the stochastic pre-ignition in a premixed air and fuel mixture. Simultaneous heat release analysis and high speed combustion imaging were used to study the pre-ignition and combustion processes. Outlier detection based on robust statistical methods was validated as an effective and efficient approach to identify sporadic pre-ignition. When pre-ignition occurred, the pre-ignited flame-front exhibited much faster propagating speed than that of the normal spark-ignited flame-front in the first stage of flame development. In several cycles, pre-ignition was followed by the pre-ignited propagating flame-front and then a separate spark-ignited flame-front before they subsequently merged together. In a few other cycles, pre-ignition led to heavy knocking combustion caused either by the auto-ignition close to the flame-front or near the cylinder wall, or both. The ultimate knock intensity of such cycles was determined by the timing, size, and location of end-gas auto-ignition of the unburned gas. Furthermore, optical detection of the oil droplet entrained combustion in the cycle subsequent to the knocking combustion cycle implied that high frequency oscillation pressure waves ejected lubricant from the piston-ring crevice.     

Experimental study of a confined premixed metal combustor: Metal flame stabilization dynamics and nitrogen oxides production

This work presents a study of a magnesium/air combustion process in the context of innovative zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) energy carriers for reducing global warming effects. In order to analyze more deeply the confined combustion of magnesium under fluctuating overpressure conditions (0 to 24 hPa) and the generated gaseous by-products, magnesium/air flames have been realized in a combustion chamber with a conical bluff-body as flame holder and different contraction ratios diaphragms at the exit duct. Sieved magnesium samples with two size-fractions were tested: 20–50?µm and 50–70?µm. The gaseous emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and dioxygen (O₂) were analyzed with on-line infrared, ultraviolet and paramagnetic analyzers. A flame pulsating behavior was clearly observed from light emission intensity (monitored by a photodiode) and pressure fluctuations (monitored by a pressure sensor); the frequencies obtained ranged between 3 and 10?Hz. The frequency of the pulsation exhibited strong dependence on the geometric configuration of the chamber: a contraction diaphragm divided by two the frequency level of the fluctuations in the studied range of maximum overpressure. Such fluctuations may probably be the consequence of periodic perturbations of the recirculation zone behind the bluff-body. These periodic perturbations are themselves caused by strong periodic overpressure variations due to stiff contraction downstream responding to gas velocity fluctuations. This feed-back-loop mechanism was considered in this study. NO_x emissions produced through the thermal pathway were analyzed for equivalence ratios ranging from 0.29 to 1. The representation of NO_x versus equivalence ratio exhibited a parabolic shape with a maximum for an equivalence ratio of 0.4. Moreover, NO_x emissions of this metal combustor have shown a similar order of magnitude than current internal combustion engines.