Concentrated electrolyte solutions at high temperatures and pressures

A survey is given of recent experimental results obtained from high-temperature, high-pressure investigations with water, aqueous solutions, and ionic fluids. Data on the static dielectric constant of water to 550°C and 5 kbar are given and discussed with respect to their relation to water structure. Infrared and Raman spectra of HDO in pure water have been obtained to 400°C and 4 kbar, which give information on hydrogen bonding. Xe–H₂O and CO₂–H₂O mixtures were investigated in the infrared. Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes were investigated by absorption spectroscopy in aqueous solutions of high chloride content to 350°C and 2–6 kbar. The gas-liquid critical point of ammonium chloride was found at 880°C and 1635 bars. This fluid appears to be predominantly ionic even in the critical region. The possibility of converting pure polar fluids such as ammonia and water into concentrated ionic solutions by self-ionization at very high pressures is mentioned.This paper was presented at the symposium, The Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems, held at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 12–14, 1972, in honor of the 70th birthday of Professor H. S. Frank.     

稳恒磁场对Fe-Fe50 wt.%Si扩散偶中间相生长的影响

本文考察了Fe-Fe50 wt.%Si扩散偶在1200℃ 无磁场以及稳恒磁场下扩散层生长规律. 利用真空浇注强制冷却技术制备Fe-Fe50 wt.%Si扩散偶, 将制备的扩散偶进行1200℃不同磁感应强度下的热处理. 对获得热处理后试样进行SEM与EDS线扫描分析, 结果表明, 无论无磁场还是稳恒磁场下Fe-Fe50 wt.%Si扩散偶均生成两个扩散层, 即FeSi相层和Fe-Si固溶体层, 并且发现0.8 T下的两个扩散层宽度均小于0 T磁场下试样. 按照抛物线规律, 计算了扩散偶中间扩散层的互扩散系数, 发现0.8 T磁场下FeSi相层和Fe-Si固溶体层的互扩散系数较无磁场下 分别降低了26.7%与34.1%. 通过对磁吉布斯自由能的计算, 发现0.8 T磁场对扩散激活能Q的影响不足以影响扩散过程. 但扩散过程中原子振动频率ν会受到磁场的影响, 进而影响扩散常数D₀, 磁场对原子振动频率的影响可以用拉莫尔旋进理论进行解释. 关键词： Fe-Fe50wt.%Si扩散偶 稳恒磁场 FeSi相 Fe-Si固溶体     

Compositional Dependence of Static Shear Viscosity of Immiscible PP/PS Blends

Phase structures of immiscible polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends with different volume proportions, PP90/PS10, PP80/PS20, PP70/PS30, PP60/PS40, PP50/PS50, PP40/PS60, PP30/PS70, PP20/PS80, PP10/PS90, were observed by means of scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The zero shear viscosities of the blends were determined according to a modified Carreau model by fitting the curves of static shear rate sweeps of blends tested at 190°C in a Stress Tech Fluids Rheometer. The results showed that the compositional dependence of zero shear viscosity of PP/PS deviated greatly from linear or log‐linear additivity. When PS was dispersed in a PP continuous phase, the blends showed negative deviation, while for blends with PP dispersed in a PS matrix, positive deviation was generated. When different theoretical equations of Nielsen, Utracki, Taylor, Frankel‐Acrivos (FA), Choi‐Schowalter (CS), and Han‐King (HK) were used to fit the experimental data of zero shear viscosities of blends, none of them was suitable for PP/PS blends. These experimental phenomena may result from the complex phase structures of the blends and their response to shear conditions, which are discussed in detail and compared with the experimental analysis.     

Interaction between isoamyl adenine and rice cytokinin oxidase

Cytokinin (CTK) dehydrogenase is responsible for regulating the endogenous CTK content by oxidative removal of the side chain. Herein, we have applied fluorescence method to study the interaction between CTK dehydrogenase and CTK in vitro and obtain some parameters of their interaction. We found that addition of isopentenyl adenine can quench the fluorescence of CTK dehydrogenase, and the quenching mechanism was to be a static quenching procedure. We have measured the number of binding sites n and the apparent binding constant K and have calculated the thermodynamics parameter ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS by fluorescence quenching method. Based on thermodynamics parameter’s results, we concluded that their binding reaction was both entropy driven and the enthalpy driven, and the Van der Waals force and hydrogen bond force played a major role in the interaction. Based on the synchronous fluorescence spectrometry results, we demonstrated that the binding site between isopentenyl adenine and CTK dehydrogenase is in the microenvironment of both tryptophan and tyrosine. The fluorescence signal of coenzyme, flavin adenine dinucleotide, decreases gradually with the addition of isopentenyl adenine. And this method can be used for isopentenyl adenine routine assay. Under optimized experimental parameters, the linear segment increases from 0.6 µM to 100 µM with a regression equation of ΔF = 0.04 + 0.15c_ip (r = 0.999, c_ip in µM) with the detection limit of 0.15 µM iP.     

High pressure stability of protein complexes studied by static and dynamic light scattering

The high pressure dissociation of hemocyanin prepared from the lobster Homarus americanus and casein micelles from cow milk were observed by in situ light scattering. The hemocyanin dodecamer dissociated via a hexamer into monomers in a two-step three-species reaction. The influence of ligands and the effector l-lactate on the dissociation behavior was investigated. While no effect by carbon monoxide after exchanging the ligand oxygen was observed, the addition of the effector l-lactate led to a decrease in the pressure stability. Due to a trimer intermediate which was found to be stabilized by l-lactate, the dissociation reaction in the presence of the effector was analyzed by a three-step four-species reaction. In the case of casein micelles, a two-step dissociation mechanism was found. The stabilizing interactions of casein micelles were identified and separated.     

On some aspects of the dynamics of a monoatomic Lennard-Jones liquid

Summary On the basis of the results obtained by methods of molecular dynamics by Rahman on liquid Ar, it is empirically shown that the harmonic spectrum of the atomic motion can be interpreted as a sum of two contributions. A ?preliminary? frequency spectrum, obtained by considering every possible (practically harmonic) motion of an atom in the field of its nearest neighbours, duly transformed to take account of the very short duration of the single monochromatic oscillations, constitutes one of the contributions interpretable as a superposition of disordered ?local oscillations?. The other contribution, interpretable as a superposition of travelling waves, is given by a sum of two bands having some analogy with Rayleigh-Debye bands, but having the customary cut replaced by a factor of the form exp [−(ω/ω₀)²] whose physical meaning is that only oscillations having an amplitude larger than a minimal value appear as travelling waves. These bands come into evidence when the spectrum of the local oscillations is subtracted from the harmonic spectrum. The lower frequency band is quite small (area about 2% of the total area of the spectrum) and suggests the existence of transverse waves (in the field of 10¹² Hz.)

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Riassunto Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti con metodi di dinamica molecolare applicati da Rahman al caso dell’argon liquido, si mostra empiricamente che lo spettro armonico dei moti atomici in questo liquido si può interpretare come somma di due contributi. Uno spettro di frequenza ?preliminare? ottenuto considerando tutti i possibili moti di un atomo nel campo dei suoi vicini piú prossimi, debitamente transformato per tener conto della brevissima durata delle singole oscillazioni, costituisce uno dei contributi, interpretabile come sovrapposizione disordinata di ?oscillazioni locali?. L’altro contributo, interpretabile come sovrapposizione di onde viaggianti, risulta formato da due bande aventi una certa analogia con le bande di Rayleigh-Debye nelle quali però l’abituale taglio discontinuon è sostituito da un fattore exp [−(ω/ω₀)²] il cui significato fisico è che soltanto oscillazioni con un’ampiezza superiore ad un minimo (legato al valore di ω₀) appaiono come onde viaggianti. Queste bande di onde viaggianti si evidenziano quando lo spettro delle oscillazioni locali è sottratto dallo spettro atomico. La banda di frequenza minore è molto piccola (area di circa il 2% dell’area totale dello spettro) e suggerisce l’esistenza di onde trasversali (nel campo di 10¹² Hz).

     

DA-16晶体管毫伏表元件特性变异所致软故障分析

本文介绍了晶体元件特性参数变异所致软故障分析判断。     

短波长相变光盘记录介质Ge2Sb2Te5薄膜的制备及静态性能研究

研究了６３２．８ｎｍ波长下适用的相变光盘介质Ｇｅ２Ｓｂ２Ｔｅ５薄膜的制备方法和静态光存诸记录特性，发现该薄膜可在１００ｎｓ条件下实现直接重写，在优化膜层结构后，写擦循环次数高达１０＾６，反射率对比度在１５％以上。