Role of calcination on geopolymerization of lateritic clay by alkali treatment

In the present study, the role of calcination of a low iron lateritic clay sample was investigated to synthesize the geopolymer. The analyses like X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy for chemical composition, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) for mineral composition, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy & scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for structural changes upon calcination at 500, 700 and, 900 °C were used to assess the suitability of selected lateritic clay sample for geopolymer. The drop in electrical conductivity and greater consumption of calcium hydroxide by CS-900 confirmed its potential reactivity than CS-700, CS-500, and CS-Control. The quality of geopolymer derived from un-calcined and calcined lateritic clay samples by alkali activation was evaluated by comparing results of compressive strength, water absorption test, and stability in the aggressive environment of chloride, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The experimental results reveal that the quality of geopolymer enhances as the calcination temperature of the lateritic clay sample increases, However, calcination of the lateritic clay sample at 900 °C gives significant results and yield good quality geopolymer with 24.8 MPa of compressive strength, 7.07% of water absorption and 2.22% loss in mass in an aggressive environment.     

不排水双层粘性土地基极限承载力的数值分析

采用弹塑性有限元分析了条形基础作用下不排水条件的双层粘性土地基极限承载力性状。采用修正的地基承载力系数表征,并将不同的几何与土层参数条件下的数值解与上下限解和经典的经验解进行比较。表明弹塑性位移有限元法可以很好地求解地基的极限承载力问题,其求解得到的修正地基承载力系数与基于下限原理的有限元解很接近,而上限解高估了地基的极限荷载值,传统的经验解在某些条件下却偏小。     

Grafting of polymer matrix to exfoliated montmorillonite nanoplatelets in nanocomposite film cast from soap‐free emulsion polymerized latex and its fortified mechanical properties

Poly(methyl acrylate‐co‐methyl methacrylate) [P(MA‐co‐MMA)] nanocomposite film containing 1 wt % of montmorillonite (MMT) exhibited unusual higher ductility, higher strain recovery ratio after creep, and higher modulus and strength compared to neat P(MA‐co‐MMA) as they were cast from their individual latices fabricated by soap‐free emulsion polymerization. The fortified mechanical properties were attributed to the MgO components of exfoliated MMT nanoplatelets being grafted by P(MA‐co‐MMA) chains as verified by FTIR and XPS spectroscopies, which to the best of our knowledge is the first time in the literature providing the direct evidence for the polymer chains grafting onto the exfoliated MMT. TEM investigation of the stretched nanocomposite film revealed that the microcracks in the nanocomposite film appeared mainly in the bulk region of polymer matrix, implying that the interfacial strength between P(MA‐co‐MMA) and its grafted MMT nanoplatelets was higher than the cohesion strength of P(MA‐co‐MMA). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5891–5897, 2009     

Solid acid clay mediated copolymerization of methyl acrylate and 1‐octene: 2D NMR substantiation of predominant alternating comonomer sequence

Montmorillionite K10 powder presence during radically initiated copolymerization of methyl acrylate (M) and 1‐octene (O) gave copolymers with higher incorporation of alkene unit. Highly viscous and transparent copolymers showed alternation irrespective of the copolymer composition. Increasing the amount of K10 powder increased the total percentage conversion, as well as 1‐octene incorporation. The monomodal curves obtained in gel permeation chromatography (GPC) substantiated that true copolymers were formed. The alternation in the copolymers was authenticated through Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Correlation (HMQC) experiments in conjugation with Total Correlated Spectroscopy (TOCSY). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2156–2162, 2009     

Poly(styrene‐b‐tetrahydrofuran)/clay nanocomposites by mechanistic transformation

Synthesis of poly(styrene‐block‐tetrahydrofuran) (PSt‐b‐PTHF) block copolymer on the surfaces of intercalated and exfoliated silicate (clay) layers by mechanistic transformation was described. First, the polystyrene/montmorillonite (PSt/MMT) nanocomposite was synthesized by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from initiator moieties immobilized within the silicate galleries of the clay particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the existence of both intercalated and exfoliated structures in the nanocomposite. Then, the PSt‐b‐PTHF/MMT nanocomposite was prepared by mechanistic transformation from ATRP to cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP). The TGA thermogram of the PSt‐b‐PTHF/MMT nanocomposite has two decomposition stages corresponding to PTHF and PSt segments. All nanocomposites exhibit enhanced thermal stabilities compared with the virgin polymer segments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2190–2197, 2009     

Long‐lived layered silicates‐immobilized 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl iron (II) catalysts for hybrid polyethylene nanocomposites by in situ polymerization: Effect of aryl ligand and silicate modification

Heterogeneous‐layered silicate‐immobilized 2,6‐bis(imino)pyridyl iron (II) dichloride/MMAO catalysts, in which the active polymerization species are intercalated within sodium‐ and organomodified‐layered silicate galleries, were prepared for producing hybrid exfoliated polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites by means of in situ polymerization. The inorganic filler was first treated with modified‐methylaluminoxane (MMAO) to produce a supported cocatalyst: MMAO reacts with silicates replacing most of the organic surfactant, thus modifying the original crystallographic clay order. MMAO anchored to the nanoclay was able to activate polymerization iron complexes initiating the polymer growth directly from the filler lamellae interlayer. The polymerization mechanism taking place in between the montmorillonite lamellae separates the layers, thus promoting deagglomeration and effective clay dispersion. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that in situ polymerization by catalytically active iron complexes intercalated within the lower organomodified clay led to fine dispersion and high exfoliation extent. The intercalated clay catalysts displayed a longer polymerization life‐time and brought about ethylene polymerization more efficiently than analogous homogeneous systems. PEs having higher molecular masses were obtained. These benefits resulted to be dependent more on the filler nature than on the ligand environment around the iron metal center and the experimental synthetic route. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 548–564, 2009     

Grafting of montmorillonite nano‐clay with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate by atom transfer radical polymerization: Blends with poly(BuA‐co‐MMA)

11‐(2‐Bromo‐2‐methyl)propionyl‐oxy‐undecyl trichlorosilane atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator was covalently attached on montmorillonite clay platelets via silylation reactions. The initiator clay was used to polymerize butyl acrylate (BuA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the clay surface. Polymerization was performed in bulk monomer solution or in DMSO. Polymer modified clay was mixed with a poly(BuA‐co‐MMA) matrix. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that clay modified in DMSO gave exfoliated composites when mixed with the matrix copolymer. Mechanical properties of the composites were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The results showed that the mechanical properties were improved as a function of clay content, as well with an increasing homogeneity of the nanocomposite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3086–3097, 2009     

软黏土速率势固结蠕变模型及其温度效应修正

沿海公路和港口堤坝等工程的长期沉降与软黏土的固结蠕变特性密切相关. 速率势模型是软黏土固结蠕变特性研究的重要组成部分. 在梳理Mesri团队和Leroueil团队研究成果的基础上, 从弹性应变、微观结构和温度3方面探讨了速率势模型的适用性. 考虑到温度对软黏土固结蠕变特性的影响, 提出了耦合温度的软黏土速率势模型. 主要结论有: 速率势模型中的速率指不可恢复的塑性应变而不是总应变; 在以极低的应变速率进行加载时, 软黏土微观结构的恢复会对速率势模型的合理性产生影响; 速率势模型对于常温条件下的软土工程问题分析基本适用; 由于温度对软黏土固结蠕变特性产生较明显影响, 考虑温度的速率势模型具有更广泛的适用性.     

小波变换与神经网络融合法在油页岩近红外光谱分析中的应用

便携式近红外光谱分析技术可实现油页岩含油率的原位检测,在油页岩资源现场勘查中发挥着重要作用。但是,由于其测得的原始光谱数据量大、冗余信息多,直接建模会影响速度与精度。因此提出一种小波变换与神经网络融合法,先将油页岩全谱数据进行db8小波3级分解,提取其近似系数形成输入矩阵,然后再进行神经网络建模。为了验证有效性,利用30个油页岩合成样品,从中随机选择20个用于训练,另外10个用于预测,并分别使用全谱数据与小波特征数据进行了10次神经网络建模。结果表明,全谱数据建模速度均值为570.33 s,预测残差平方和及相关系数均值分别为0.006 012及0.843 75;而小波神经网络法对应的以上均值为3.15 s, 0.002 048及0.953 19。由此说明小波神经网络法优于全谱数据建模法,为油页岩含油率的快速、高精度检测提供了一种新方法。     

油页岩干酪根化学键浓度与能量密度研究

以抚顺、茂名油页岩干酪根13C NMR、XPS与元素分析数据为基础,构建了油页岩干酪根分子结构模型,同时以化学键为标准对抚顺、茂名干酪根结构模型进行了修改,构建的干酪根结构模型与实验化学键浓度匹配良好,从化学键角度验证了模型的准确性与合理性。以自建及文献中九个不同变质程度的油页岩干酪根结构模型为基础,研究了油页岩干酪根变质程度与各类化学键浓度及能量密度关系。结果表明,随油页岩干酪根变质程度的提高,芳香碳分别与芳香碳、脂肪碳、氢原子等原子形成的化学键浓度升高,脂肪碳与脂肪碳、氢原子等原子形成的化学键浓度下降,其中,芳香碳之间、脂肪碳与氢原子之间的化学键浓度变化最明显。组成油页岩干酪根势能的价电子能密度及非键能密度随干酪根变质程度的提高总体上呈现上升趋势,成为组成油页岩干酪根稳定的化学能。