浮力对混合对流流动及换热特性的影响

用热线和冷线相结合的技术测量垂直圆管内逆混合对流流体的平均速度、 温度以及它们的脉动. 较详细地研究了浮力对逆混合对流的流动特性和传热特性的影响. 评 估了实验中采用的冷线测量温度补偿速度探头温度敏感的影响. 逆混合对流的传热结果用无 量纲参数Ω (Ω= Grd / Red2 )来表示，其中，基于管道直 径的雷诺数Red变化范围为900~18000, 浮力参数Ω变化范围为 0.004899~0.5047. 研究结果表明，浮力对逆混合对流的换热有强化作用. 随着葛拉晓夫数Grd的增加，温度脉动，流向雷诺正应力和流向温度通量增 大，并且在靠近壁面的流体区域尤其明显. 热线与冷线相结合的技术适合于研究非绝热的流 动测量，可以用于研究浮力对流动和换热特性的影响.     

Cluster PID Control of Viaduct Road Vibration

Cluster control to suppress the structural vibrations of viaduct roads caused by the movement of vehicles is studied. A viaduct road is modeled using the finite-element method. The structural modes of a road element are obtained. The cluster-control method is used, which is based on a finite-element model of a flat road. The modes of a flat viaduct road are classified into four groups. Each group is controlled by a PID controller. It is verified that the cluster actuation and the sensing based on PID control suppress the structural modes under consideration, and no spillover effects are observed __________ Published in Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp. 139–144, October 2005.     

Mathematical modelling of flow through consolidated isotropic porous media

A new mathematical model is proposed for time-independent laminar flow through a rigid isotropic and consolidated porous medium of spatially varying porosity. The model is based upon volumetric averaging concepts. Explicit assumptions regarding the mean geometric properties of the porous microstructure lead to a relationship between tortuosity and porosity. Microscopic inertial effects are introduced through consideration of flow development within the pores. A momentum transport equation is derived in terms of the fluid properties, the porous medium porosity and a characteristic length of the microstructure. In the limiting cases of porosity unity and zero, the model yields the required Navier-Stokes equation for free flow and no flow in a solid, respectively.     

Fractals — An overview of potential applications to transport in porous media

We present an overview of the potential applicability of fractal concepts to various aspects of transport phenomena in heterogeneous porous media. Three examples of phenomena where a fractal approach should prove illuminating are presented. In the first example we consider pore level heterogeneities as typified by pore surface roughness. We suggest that roughness may be usefully modelled by fractal curves and surfaces and also cite experimental evidence for regarding pores as fractals. In the second example we consider a fractal network approach to modelling large-scale heterogeneities. The presence of features on all length scales in simple fractal models should capture the essential role played by the presence of heterogeneities on many scales in natural reservoirs. Studies of transport phenomena in such models may yield valuable insights into the problems of macroscopic dispersion. The final example concerns dispersion in multiphase flow. Here the fractal character is attributed to the distribution of the fluid phases rather than the porous medium itself. Again studies of transport phenomena in simple fractal models should help to clarify various problems associated with the corresponding phenomena in real reservoirs.     

Mixing Layer on the Lee Side of an Obstacle

Twolayer miscible flow above an uneven bottom is considered. A mathematical model in the shallowwater approximation is constructed for the development of a turbulent layer between homogeneous layers of different density in a twolayer channel flow over a local obstacle. The influence of the mixing process on the formation of an initial segment of the steadystate densitystratified flow on the leeward side of the obstacle is studied.     

Method of homogenization applied to dispersion in porous media

The theory of homogenization which is a rigorous method of averaging by multiple scale expansions, is applied here to the transport of a solute in a porous medium. The main assumption is that the matrix has a periodic pore structure on the local scale. Starting from the pores with the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid motion and the usual convective-diffusion equation for the solute, we give an alternative derivation of the three-dimensional macroscale dispersion tensor for solute concentration. The original result was first found by Brenner by extending Brownian motion theory. The method of homogenization is an expedient approach based on conventional continuum equations and the technique of multiple-scale expansions, and can be extended to more complex media involving three or more contrasting scales with periodicity in every but the largest scale.     

应用手持式XRF分析仪快速测定白铜中的Cu、Ni、Co含量

采用国产手持式XRF分析仪快速分析了白铜合金主元素的含量,探讨了白铜合金基体效应对测量结果的影响,采用经验系数法中多元回归分析建立数学模型,较好地校正基体效应,分析白铜合金中铜、镍、钴的平均相对误差分别为0.39%、1.83%、1.59%。     

膦系阻垢剂阻碳酸钙垢机理的研究

在模拟循环水中, 通过静态阻垢实验研究了HEDP, PBTCA, ATMP和EDTMP对碳酸钙的阻垢性能, 在相同的加药浓度下(按物质的量浓度计)阻垢性能的强弱顺序为HEDP＞PBTCA＞ATMP＞EDTMP; 同时采用分子动力学方法, 模拟计算了阻垢剂负二价离子与方解石(104), (102), (202)和(113)面的相互作用. 结果表明: 阻垢剂分子中的膦酸基团和羧酸基团与碳酸钙中的Ca^2＋形成的离子键对吸附起到了主要作用, 同时阻垢剂与晶面间存在较弱的范德华力相互作用. 阻垢剂与各晶面的结合能强弱顺序为(113)≥(102)≥(202)＞(104); 分子中的羟基易与垢晶面形成氢键而加强阻垢效果; 羧基的位置不同对阻垢作用的影响不同. 将静态阻垢的实验结果与分子动力学模拟结果进行了相关性分析, 发现阻垢剂在(104)面和(102)面上的吸附对阻垢作用的贡献较大.     

Hydrogen bonding versus van der Waals interactions: competitive influence of noncovalent interactions on 2D self-assembly at the liquid-solid interface

The structures of the self-assembled monolayers of various 4-alkoxybenzoic acids physisorbed at the liquid-solid interface were established by employing scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). This study has been essentially undertaken to explore the competitive influence of van der Waals and hydrogen-bonding interactions on the process of two-dimensional self-assembly. These acid derivatives form hydrogen-bonded dimers as expected; however, the dimers organise themselves in the form of relatively complex lamellae. The characteristic feature of these lamellae is the presence of regular discommensurations or kinks along the lamella propagation direction. The formation of kinked lamellae is discussed in light of the registry mechanism of the alkyl chains with the underlying graphite substrate. The location of the kinks along a lamella depends on the number (odd or even) of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. This result indicates that concerted van der Waals interactions of the alkyl chain units introduce the odd/even chain-length effect on the surface-assembled supramolecular patterns. The odd/even effects are retained even upon complexation with a hydrogen-bond acceptor. However, as the solvent is changed from 1-phenyloctane to 1-octanoic acid, the kinked lamellae as well as the odd/even effects disappear. This solvent-induced convergence of supramolecular patterns is attained by means of co-crystallisation of octanoic acid molecules in the 2D crystal lattice, which is evident from high-resolution STM images. The solvent co-adsorption phenomenon is discussed in terms of competing van der Waals and hydrogen-bonding interactions.