CONDUCTIVITY BEHAVIOR OF IONIC AI(OH)3-POLYACRYLAMIDE HYBRIDS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The conductivity behavior of Al(OH)3-acrylamide hybrid polyacrylamide (hybrid PAAm) in distilled water was studied. A discontinuity phenomenon of the conductivity (k) versus concentration (c) curve of the hybrid PAAm in a certain concentration regime is found. This phenomenon is dependent on the molecular weight of the hybrid PAAm and on the particle size and content of the Al(OH)3 colloid in the hybrid PAAm. This phenomenon was accounted for assuming ionization of the hybrid PAAm.     

光复散射对消光法粒径测量的影响:复散射模型与数值模拟

复散射效应在光散射颗粒测量中不仅重要．且尚未得到很好解决。采用蒙特卡罗方法,对不同的光波长,颗粒浓度以及收接器条件下的光复散射进行了数值模拟．数值算法程序经与四通量模型进行对比验证,数值结果与单散射条件的郎伯-比尔模型进行比较．进而讨论了复散射效应对消光法颗粒粒径测量影响。表明复散射对消光法颗粒测量的影响不仅取决于颗粒系自身的浓度．而且接收器的几何尺寸和接收位置起着非常重要的作用,减小颗粒介质层厚度和减小光接收器接收面积．增大接收距离以及减小接收角都能减小复散射效应对消光法粒径测量的影响。     

混合型环氧树脂水分散液的制备与表征

以苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物[P(St-co-MAA)]作为分散剂和高分子量的环氧树脂在120℃下混合,制备了环氧树脂水分散液。测定了环氧树脂与P(St-co-MAA)混合前后的环氧值,证明共聚物中的部分羧基和环氧基团发生反应,形成了接枝共聚物,P(St-co-MAA)与环氧树脂之间的相容性良好,从而制得稳定性良好而且粒径较小的水分散液。同时考察了共聚物组成和环氧树脂分子量时水分散液以及成膜后性能的影响。     

罗丹明6G缔合微粒荧光猝灭法测定痕量碘酸根

研究发现在0.01mol/LHCl-8.0×10-4mol/LKI介质中,罗丹明6G(RhG)在550nm处有1个荧光峰.当有IO-3,I-3与RhG形成缔合微粒,550nm处荧光峰猝灭,在320、400、6103存在时,IO-3与过量的I-反应生成I-nm处有3个共振散射峰,在470nm处有1个同步散射峰.碘酸根浓度在2.0～100×10-7mol/L范围内与荧光猝灭强度成线性关系.据此建立了一个测定食盐中IO-3的荧光猝灭分析法.光谱研究结果表明,(RhG-I3)n缔合微粒和界面的形成是导致体系荧光猝灭的根本原因.     

Preparation of multihollow polystyrene particles by seeded emulsion polymerization using seed particles with incorporated nonionic emulsifier: effect of temperature

Seeded emulsion polymerizations of styrene using polystyrene (PS) seed particles with incorporated nonionic emulsifier were carried out at 40 and 70 °C to investigate the influence of temperature during the polymerization process including the swelling step of the seed particles with monomer on the formation of multihollow PS particles. An increase in the temperature during the polymerization process caused an increase in the rate of coalescence (i.e., the degree of coalescence at any given time) of the small water domains in the inside. After the coalescence proceeded excessively, the water domains were eventually discharged from the particles to the medium, resulting in nonhollow particles. The results show that it is important for the preparation of the multihollow PS particles to control the coalescence of a lot of small water domains inside the seed particles with the incorporated nonionic emulsifier, and strongly support the formation mechanism previously proposed. Part CCCXX of the series “Studies on Suspension and Emulsion”.     

Miscibility of sodium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the adsorbed film and aggregate

The adsorption, micelle formation, and salting out of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of sodium chloride were studied from the viewpoint of their mixed adsorption and aggregate formation. The surface tension of aqueous solutions of a sodium chloride–sodium dodecyl sulfate mixture was measured as a function of the total molality and composition of the mixture. Phase diagrams of adsorption and aggregate formation were obtained by applying thermodynamic equations to the surface tension. Judging from the phase diagrams, sodium chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate are miscible in the adsorbed film at very large composition of sodium chloride and in the salted-out crystalline particle, while they are immiscible in the micelle. The miscibilities in the adsorbed film, micelle, and crystalline particle increase in the following order: particle > adsorbed film > micelle. The difference in miscibility among the oriented states was ascribed to the difference in geometry between the adsorbed film and micelle and to the interaction between bilayer surfaces in the particle.     

Controlled/living heterogeneous radical polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) is an inexpensive and environmentally friendly medium for radical polymerizations. ScCO₂ is suited for heterogeneous controlled/living radical polymerizations (CLRPs), since the monomer, initiator, and control reagents (nitroxide, etc.) are soluble, but the polymer formed is insoluble beyond a critical degree of polymerization (J_crit). The precipitated polymer can continue growing in (only) the particle phase giving living polymer of controlled well‐defined microstructure. The addition of a colloidal stabilizer gives a dispersion polymerization with well‐defined colloidal particles being formed. In recent years, nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization have all been conducted as heterogeneous polymerizations in scCO₂. This Highlight reviews this recent body of work, and describes the unique characteristics of scCO₂ that allows composite particle formation of unique morphology to be achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3711–3728, 2009     

复合金属氧化物Sn-Sb-Mn/陶瓷粒子电极体系的电催化性能

通过热分解法制备了复合金属氧化物Sn-Sb-Mn/陶瓷粒子电极, 分别采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X 射线能谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)和N2吸附-脱附等技术对电极的形貌、晶相组成、比表面积和孔径分布进行了表征. 考察了该三维粒子电极系统的析氧特性, 采用循环伏安法分析了三维系统的电催化性能, 并且进行了电化学催化降解苯酚的试验. 结果表明, 制备的陶瓷粒子电极涂层比表面较大、孔结构发达, 有利于电催化反应; 电催化降解主要发生在电化学析氧区; 粒子电极系统对苯酚降解作用显著, 明显高于二维电极系统, 苯酚的去除率为92.3%, 总有机碳(TOC)的去除率为66.7%. 研究结果表明, 该三维粒子电极系统具有优良的电催化性能.     

一种新的测定微粒的电化学技术

设计了一种由2个石墨电极短路相连组成工作电极的新的电化学池装置.操作时首先通过外力按压使极少量固体微粒粘附在其中一个石墨电极表面上,然后在溶液存在下将微粒夹紧并固定在2个石墨电极表面之间进行电化学测定.电化学转化过程中生成的可溶性物质被封闭在2个石墨电极表面之间而得到测定.用该技术对钯沉积在氧化铝上而组成的催化剂的电化学行为以及黄铁矿的电化学行为进行了研究.结果表明,其兼具可电解粘合剂碳糊电极和固体微粒伏安法(voltammetry of microparticles)技术的优点而避免了各自的缺点:即不使用粘合剂,从而消除了粘合剂中杂质产生的氧化或还原电流的影响;可测定电化学转化过程中生成的可溶性物质;分辨率好、易于操作.     

An innovative method for quality control of conjugated Haemophilus influenzae vaccines: A short review of two-dimensional nanoparticle electrophoresis

This article provides an overview of a 2D agarose electrophoretic procedure for the characterization of semi-synthetic Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis vaccines that were prepared for the immunization of small children. The analysis of such vaccines has been particularly challenging because the vaccine particles (i) are highly negatively charged, (ii) are as large as or even larger than intact viruses, and (iii) have a continuous (polydisperse) size distribution because of randomizing steps in the vaccine production (sonification and crosslinking). As a result of these characteristics, 1D electrophoresis of the vaccines produced smears without discernable peaks, but with a second dimension of separation a characteristic vaccine fingerprint was obtained. Whereas O’Farrell gels can accomplish a 2D separation according to size and charge for samples with protein-sized particles, nondenaturing 2D agarose electrophoresis achieves a similar result for much larger virus-sized particles. The separation principle, however, is different. Even though the 2D electrophoretic method was developed from 1983 to 1995, it remains a promising tool for vaccine quality control and for predicting vaccine effectiveness. Modern technology makes the analysis significantly more practical and affordable than it was more than 10 years ago, and the method is applicable to a variety of conjugated vaccines and complex mixtures of virus-sized particles.