超临界CO2直旋混合射流破岩特性的实验研究

超临界二氧化碳(CO₂)射流破岩既能降低岩石门限压力又能有效保护储层,直旋混合射流兼具直射流和旋转射流特点可提高破岩效率,基于此提出了超临界CO₂直旋混合射流的破岩方法。为了揭示超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩特性,设计加工出叶轮式直旋混合射流喷嘴,通过岩石定点冲击破碎实验对比了该射流与常规水射流的破岩效果,并研究了叶轮长度、叶轮中心孔直径、混合腔长度、喷射距离、射流压力等重要参数对超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果的影响。结果表明:相同实验条件下,该射流方法的平均破岩能力比常规水射流提高了42.9%;超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩易出现较大体积岩屑崩落现象;随着叶轮长度、混合腔长度、喷射距离的增大破岩效果均先增强后减弱,实验条件下上述参数存在最优范围值;叶轮中心孔直径的增大会导致岩石破碎孔深度增加、直径减小;随着射流压力的升高,超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩效果有着较为明显的提升。研究结果可为超临界CO₂直旋混合射流破岩方法的进一步研究提供实验依据。     

花岗斑岩Holmquist-Johnson-Cook本构模型参数研究

对取自玉龙铜矿边坡的花岗斑岩进行相关物理和静力学实验,获得岩石的密度、弹性模量、泊松比、单轴抗压强度以及抗拉强度等参数。通过花岗斑岩SHPB实验得到试样的典型冲击动载应力-应变曲线。利用相关实验结果,借助显式动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,得到花岗斑岩的HJC(Holmquist-Johnson-Cook)本构模型参数,分析岩石动载强度对HJC模型参数的敏感性,总结出一套HJC模型参数的取值方法。岩石动载强度对HJC模型的A,B,N和fc参数最为敏感,该参数变化幅度在-30%~30%时,强度变化率大于11%。HJC模型参数的取值过程中,将岩石物理和力学实验数据与数值模拟进行结合,即可体现HJC模型基本理论,又可均衡实验和数值模拟的工作量,并能获得可靠的模型参数,为岩石动载数值模拟计算提供帮助。     

块石形状对土石混合体力学行为影响的颗粒流模拟

考虑块石形状为球体、正方体和长方体三种情况,通过正方体与球体相比较来探究块石棱角度不同对土石混合体力学特性的影响,通过长方体与正方体相比较来探究块石球度不同对土石混合体力学特性的影响。首先,提出特定形状块石三维离散元精细建模的方法;接着建立含石量为30%和80%的块石形状分别为球体、正方体和长方体的土石混合体三维颗粒流数值模型;然后,对土石混合体大三轴试验进行颗粒流模拟,获得了不同含石量及不同块石形状的土石混合体试样的宏观力学特征;最后,详细分析了块石形状对土石混合体力学行为影响的细观机理。结果表明,块石形状会影响土石混合体的力学行为,其影响的程度与含石量密切相关;配位数、块石颗粒平均旋转量和摩擦功的演化规律能够很好地从细观水平上反映块石形状的作用机理。     

The role of analytical chemistry in Niger Delta petroleum exploration: A review

Petroleum and organic matter from which the petroleum is derived are composed of organic compounds with some trace elements. These compounds give an insight into the origin, thermal maturity and paleoenvironmental history of petroleum, which are essential elements in petroleum exploration. The main tool to acquire the geochemical data is analytical techniques. Due to progress in the development of new analytical techniques, many hitherto petroleum exploration problems have been resolved. Analytical chemistry has played a significant role in the development of petroleum resources of Niger Delta. Various analytical techniques that have aided the success of petroleum exploration in the Niger Delta are discussed. The analytical techniques that have helped to understand the petroleum system of the basin are also described. Recent and emerging analytical methodologies including green analytical methods as applicable to petroleum exploration particularly Niger Delta petroleum province are discussed in this paper. Analytical chemistry is an invaluable tool in finding the Niger Delta oils.     

大型反倾库岸岩体变形过程及破坏机制数值模拟

随着边坡地质结构、地层岩性和诱发因素的不同,反倾岩体的主控变形破坏模式都会发生改变。金沙江龙蟠边坡岩体主要为反倾向千板岩和砂岩互层状结构,坡脚河床深厚覆盖层构成了边坡的软弱支座。本文运用离散单元法模拟了大型反倾库岸岩体在漫长的地质历史时期中的变形演化过程,并基于反倾岩体变形的时效性观点,引入强度折减法分析边坡在不同阶段的剪切屈服区扩展情况及相应的稳定性状态。结论表明龙蟠边坡变形岩体是重力弯曲蠕变为主导的成因机制,并归纳提出了软基效应和互层效应共同作用下的大规模反倾岩体的累进性剪切破坏模式,俗称“龙蟠模式”。     

盆地红层嵌岩桩荷载传递性状试验研究

湘浏盆地内广泛分布着内陆湖相沉积的白垩系至第三系红层软岩,具有成岩差、易风化崩解等特性,其嵌岩桩的实际工作性状与《建筑桩基技术规范》（JGJ94-94）规定不尽相同。为研究红层嵌岩桩的承载性能、桩身轴力传递规律、桩侧阻力和端阻力的发挥性状,对４根人工挖孔灌注桩进行了单桩静力载荷试验,分别采用滑动测微计和应变计来测试桩身轴力的变化。结果表明,红层嵌岩桩表现为端承摩擦桩特性,Q-s曲线呈缓变型;桩身轴力传递规律和桩侧阻力的发挥与覆盖层厚度、桩长、桩周土性质密切相关;由于红层具有较强的结构性,发挥极限侧阻所需位移仅为2~6mm,测试得到的极限侧阻力远高于规范值,表现出强化效应,使得红层嵌岩桩具有相当大的承载能力,但端阻力和侧阻力并非同步发挥。设计时应采用承载力和变形控制,参数取值应符合桩的荷载传递规律。     

碎裂结构边坡变形机理及治理对策研究

碎裂结构边坡稳定性受多组相交结构面控制,且受降雨、地震等多因素影响强烈,具有一定的特殊性。本文以某花岗岩碎裂结构边坡为例,在边坡的地质条件和岩体结构研究的基础上,结合施工及监测反馈信息,深入分析了边坡变形破坏模式,并根据稳定性计算结果,提出锚索、钢筋桩与排水相结合的支护方案。研究结果表明：坡体内部陡倾卸荷裂缝发育形成后缘切割面,中下部滑面追踪陡缓两组结构面发展;支护措施实施后,边坡经历“5•12”地震及雨季,多点位移计监测结果表明,地震和降雨对边坡稳定性影响较大,支护措施较好地控制了边坡变形。     

爆炸冲击载荷作用下岩石的损伤实验

基于声波测试原理,利用RSM-SY5智能型声波仪,对某露天矿围岩在爆破冲击荷载作用下产生的损伤进行了现场实验研究。研究结果表明:爆破冲击荷载对距离爆源7 m范围内的岩石会造成损伤破坏,其损伤程度随着岩石与爆源距离的增大而减小;岩体声波速度随着爆破次数的不断增加而逐渐降低,多次爆破对岩石具有损伤累积效应;多次爆破的累积损伤不是单次爆破损伤的简单叠加,具有非线性特性,且距离爆源越近爆破累积损伤效应越明显。     

基于离散小波变换的岩石SHPB测试信号去噪

运用离散小波阈值去噪原理对SHPB测试信号进行了处理,针对SHPB测试信号持时短、突变快等特性,并根据各小波基对信号的重构均方根误差,选择Symlets小波系中的小波基Sym5为适合SHPB测试信号小波分析的最佳小波基,并运用无偏估计程序SURE确定了各分解层的阈值。比较了小波阈值去噪与动态应变仪中常规低通滤波器去噪的信噪比和均方根误差,研究结果表明,相对于常规低通滤波器的去噪处理,离散小波变换不仅有良好的去噪效果,而且能得到更精确的重构信号,可以取代动态应变仪中的低通滤波器对SHPB测试信号进行去噪处理。     

Experimental Study and Fractal Analysis of Heterogeneity in Naturally Fractured Rocks

Capillary pressure curves of six low porosity and low permeability core samples from The Geysers geothermal field were measured using the mercury-intrusion approach to characterize the heterogeneity of rock. One high permeability Berea sandstone core sample was analyzed similarly, for comparison. The maximum pressure of mercury intruded into the rock was about 200 MPa to reach the extremely small pores. Experimental data showed that the capillary pressure curves of The Geysers rock are very different from that of the Berea sandstone. It was found that the frequently used capillary pressure models could not be used to represent the data from The Geysers rock samples. This might be because of the fractures in the rock. To this end, a fractal technique was proposed to model the features of the capillary pressure curves and to characterize the difference in heterogeneity between The Geysers rock and Berea sandstone. The results demonstrated that the rock from The Geysers geothermal field was fractal over a scaling range of about five orders of magnitude. The values of the fractal dimension of all the core samples (six from The Geysers and one Berea sandstone) calculated using the proposed approach were in the range from 2 to 3. The results showed that The Geysers rock with a high density of fractures had a greater fractal dimension than Berea sandstone which is almost without fractures. This shows that The Geysers rock has greater heterogeneity, as expected.