Dynamic response of pulsatile flow of blood in a stenosed tapered artery

The aim of this paper is to throw some light on the rheological study of pulsatile blood flow in a stenosed tapered arterial segment. Arterial wall is considered to be rigid and flexible separately for improving the similarity to the in vivo situation. The streaming blood is considered to be Newtonian. The governing nonlinear equations of motion are sought using the well‐known stream function‐vorticity method and are solved numerically by finite difference technique. Important rheological parameters, such as axial velocity component, wall shear stress, and flow separation region are estimated in the neighborhood of the stenosis. Effects of stenosis height, vessel tapering, and wall flexibility on the blood flow are investigated properly and are explained in detail through their graphical representations.     

Long‐time stability and asymptotic analysis of the IFE method for the multilayer porous wall model

In this article, we study the long‐time stability and asymptotic behavior of the immersed finite element (IFE) method for the multilayer porous wall model for the drug‐eluting stents. First, with the IFE method for the spatial descretization, and the implicit Euler scheme for the temporal discretization, respectively, we deduce the global stability of fully discrete solution. Then, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the discrete scheme which reveals that the multilayer porous wall model converges to the corresponding elliptic equation if approaches to a steady‐state in both and norms as . Finally, some numerical experiments are given to verify the theoretical predictions.     

基于超声分子束和普通充气的聚变等离子体密度反馈实验研究

本文介绍了全超导托卡马克装置EAST实验中等离子体密度反馈的方法和结果. EAST密度反馈采用普通充气 (gas puffing) 和超声分子束 (supersonic molecule beam injection, SMBI) 在放电过程中反馈进气, 获得稳定、预期的等离子体密度. 典型的一天放电实验中, 每次放电的充气量和壁滞留的变化可分为两个阶段: 第一阶段为初始约20次放电, 该阶段充气量非常高且呈指数趋势下降, 粒子滞留率为80%–90%, 壁滞留迅速上升. 第二阶段为随后的约50次放电, 该阶段充气量较小且保持稳定, 粒子滞留率为50%–70%, 壁滞留缓慢上升. SMBI的加料效率为15%–30%, 延迟时间小于5 ms. 因此使用SMBI 进行密度反馈效果优于gas puffing反馈, 相同条件下前者充气量较后者减少了～ 30%, 壁滞留减少了～ 40%, 再循环系数也相应减少. gas puffing反馈时, 采用脉宽调制模式效果优于脉幅调制模式. SMBI密度反馈可以作为未来EAST长脉冲高参数放电的主要手段之一. 关键词： 密度反馈 超声分子束 再循环 壁滞留     

Hollow Polydimethylsiloxane Beads with a Porous Structure for Cell Encapsulation

Based on a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsion system, porous and hollow polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) beads containing cells using a simple fluidic device with three flow channels are fabricated. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the PDMS oil phase is served as a porogen for pore development. The feasibility of the porous PDMS beads prepared with different PEG concentrations (10, 20, and 30 wt%) for cell encapsulation in terms of pore size, protein diffusion, and cell proliferation inside the PDMS beads is evaluated. The PDMS beads prepared with PEG 30 wt% are exhibited a highly porous structure and facilitated fast diffusion of protein from the core domain to the outer phase, eventually leading to enhanced cell proliferation. The results clearly indicate that hollow PDMS beads with a porous structure could provide a favorable microenvironment for cell survival due to the large porous structure.

     

Laminar Heat Transfer Augmentation through A Square Duct and Circular Tube Fitted with Twisted Tapes

Experimental studies on friction factor and heat transfer characteristics for the laminar flow of ethylene glycol in a square duct fitted with twisted tapes of different twist ratios under nearly uniform wall temperature conditions are reported in this article. The Nusselt numbers were found to be 5.44–7.49 and 2.46–4.87 times that of plain square duct forced convection values based on constant flow rate and constant pumping power criteria, respectively, for y = 2.66. The augmented friction factor and Nusselt number for a square duct is about 1.9 and 2.10 times higher than that for an augmented circular tube.     

脉冲敲击技术对PI微球表面粗糙度的影响

作为点火靶重要候选靶丸之一, 聚酰亚胺 (PI) 空心微球采用降解芯轴技术结合双单体气相沉积聚合法 (VDP) 制备. 在PI涂层过程中微球碰撞对表面质量影响较大, 为了减小碰撞提高表面质量, 选用筛网盘做样品盘, 激励方式由压电振动模式改为脉冲敲击模式进行对比. 实验数据表明微球运动过程中碰撞是引起表面质量变差的原因, 通过理论分析确认了筛网盘通过减少接触点可以减少微球与微球间、微球与样品盘间的碰撞, 并且将压电振动改为脉冲敲击模式可以减小微球碰撞次数. 脉冲敲击模式与压电振动模式相比, 其可控性、微球弹跳幅度、消除静电等方面均优于压电振动. 对于微球壁厚均匀性而言, 压电振动略好于脉冲敲击, 但相差较小. 单个微球的壁厚最大偏差前者为0.68 μm, 优于后者的0.73 μm; 单个微球壁厚平均值在同一批次内的最大起伏, 前者为0.26 μm, 优于后者0.57 μm. 白光干涉仪数据显示脉冲敲击起到了提高微球表面质量的作用, 其表面粗糙度Rq值由52–93 nm 减小到28–44 nm. 关键词： 脉冲敲击技术 聚酰亚胺靶丸 表面粗糙度 壁厚均匀性     

Updating Insights into the Catalytic Domain Properties of Plant Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) Proteins

The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. Cellulose synthase (CesA) and Cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Arabidopsis and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of cesa and csl mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.     

Conducting polymer based hybrid structure as transparent and flexible field electron emitter

An efficient cathode material with high transparency (93%) based on conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has been developed for the fabrication of highly transparent and flexible field electron emitters (FEE). This kind of material showed superior field emission (FE) performance with very high current density (10^–3A/cm²) at very low electric field. The FE performance of the hybrid materials was dramatically improved compared to either SWCNTs and PEDOT:PSS. Thus the hybrid structures of conducting polymer and SWCNTs might be a good choice for use as a cathode material to enhance the FE performance and for potential application in future portable displays. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

LES of spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a concave surface

We revisit the problem of a spatially developing turbulent boundary layer over a concave surface. Unlike previous investigations, we simulate the combined effects of streamline curvature as well as curvature-induced pressure gradients on the turbulence. Our focus is on investigating the response of the turbulent boundary layer to the sudden onset of curvature and the destabilising influence of concave surface in the presence of pressure gradients. This is of interest for evaluating the turbulence closure models. At the beginning of the curve, the momentum thickness Reynolds number is 1520 and the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the radius of curvature is δ₀/R = 0.055. The radial profiles of the mean velocity and turbulence statistics at different locations along the concave surface are presented. Our recently proposed curvature-corrected Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is assessed in an a posteriori sense and the improvements obtained over the base model are reported. From the large Eddy simulation (LES) results, it was found that the maximum influence of concave curvature is on the wall-normal component of the Reynolds stress. The budgets of wall-normal Reynolds stress also confirmed this observation. At the onset of curvature, the effect of adverse pressure gradient is found to be predominant. This decreases the skin friction levels below that in the flat section.     

On mean flow universality of turbulent wall flows. I. High Reynolds number flow analysis

ABSTRACT

The universality and mathematical physical structure of wall-bounded turbulent flows is a topic of discussions over many decades. There is no agreement about questions like what is the physical mean flow structure, how universal is it, and how universal are theoretical concepts for local and global flow variations. These questions are addressed by using latest direct numerical simulation (DNS) data at moderate Reynolds numbers Re and experimental data up to extreme Re. The mean flow structure is explained by analytical models for three canonical wall-bounded turbulent flows (channel flow, pipe flow, and the zero-pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer). Thorough comparisons with DNS and experimental data provide support for the validity of models. Criteria for veritable physics derived from observations are suggested. It is shown that the models presented satisfy these criteria. A probabilistic interpretation of the mean flow structure shows that the physical constraints of equal entropies and equally likely mean velocity values in a region unaffected by boundary effects impose a universal log-law structure. The structure of wall-bounded turbulent flows is much more universal than previously expected. There is no discrepancy between local logarithmic velocity variations and global friction law and bulk velocity variations. Flow effects are limited to the minimum: the difference of having a bounded or unbounded domain, and the variation range of mean velocity values allowed by the geometry.