Determination of rain attenuation parameters for free space optical link in tropical rain

Free space optics (FSO) is a promising communication technique for various types of services in the optical access network. Single beam FSO system in tropical rainy weather is vulnerable to atmospheric rain attenuation, so it is necessary to have precise power law parameters of rain attenuation in tropical regions. In this study, the power law parameters k, and α are estimated as 2.03 and 0.74, respectively for the FSO applications in tropical South-East Asian weather. These parameters were evaluated by using least square mean equation (LSME) method with Levenberg–Marquardt optimization based on the one year collected heavy rain data. The obtained parameter values for tropical weather are contributed to improve link performance for high-speed networks.     

Modelling of ions for seeding technique to electrify the atmosphere

There are number of ways in which weak electrification can affect the microphysics of clouds, with consequences for cloud lifetime, radiative properties, and precipitation efficiency. Kauffman [2011] suggested ions produced by direct current generators will add to and enhance the catalysing effects that cosmic ray ions are now known to produce in among other things, lowering nucleation barriers, stimulating charged particle growth and stability and increasing the scavenging rate in clouds. Thus to electrify the atmosphere ions can be generated artificially in abundance along with large electric field.Ions can be generated by the corona effect using Atmospheric electrifiers (a device used to generate negative ions) which makes use of corona discharge phenomenon to charge the air particles. Exact assessment of electric field and charge density distributions and the flow dynamics inside the electrifiers is essential to understand the particle behaviour inside the electrifiers.In this paper, a novel model of governing equations to evaluate the space charge density, electric field intensity and velocity of ionized airflow is suggested as a function of applied voltage. The Poisson and charge conservation equations are derived and hence can be used to estimate the electric field and charge density distributions. Navier stokes equation can be used to get the velocity of ionized airflow because of electric force on the air. Simulation is carried out to validate the proposed model and verify that velocity is function of input voltage and is proportional to it.     

Experimental studies on the rain noise of lightweight roofs: Natural rains vs artificial rains

Rain noise is often an unpleasant problem that disturbs people’s activities significantly in buildings with lightweight roofs, however, the existing researches are all based on artificial rains in laboratory, while the characteristics of natural rain noise as well as the relationship between actual rain noise and laboratory measurements still need to be explored to fulfill practical demands. This paper first presents two experiments on natural rain noise, revealing that rain intensity is the decisive factor of natural rain noise for heavy rains, and the A-weighted sound pressure level of rain noise caused by heavy rains is proportional to the logarithm of rain intensity. Furthermore, three more experiments on the rain noise with artificial rains are carried out, indicating that differences in rain intensities, fall heights and raindrop size distributions are the factors that cause significant deviation between actual rain noise and laboratory measurements. This total deviation as well as the deviations caused by each factor are then quantified. Finally, a method to predict the actual rain noise of a certain roof using laboratory measurement results is provided, which can be useful in real projects as an effective substitute of experiments using uncontrollable real rains.     

液滴与可变形固面撞击的二维非线性激波模型

在传统的关于液固撞击的激波理论模型中，引入矢量分析的方法，考虑到高速度撞击时，液体运动的迁移性和非线性效应，以及固体的可变形性，提出了一个适用于高撞击马赫数的无量纲激波理论模型。该模型能够计算出所有撞击参数，计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。模型所导出的计算方法物理意义明确，简明准确，适用范围宽广，且便于工程上制成图表查用。     

南京市区建筑场地地下水腐蚀性评价

本文介绍南京市区地下水的化学成分和建筑场地地下水腐蚀性评价以及腐蚀性原因分析。     

Influences of Slope Gradient on Soil Erosion

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｏｉｌｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｃａｎｂｅｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄｉｎｔｏｍａｎｙｔｙｐｅｓｄｕｅｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｅｒｏｄｉｎｇｆｏｒｃｅｓ .Ａｍｏｎｇｔｈｅｍｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｕｎｏｆｆｅｒｏｓｉｏｎｉｓｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｅｓｔｏｎｅ .Ｔｈｅｓｌｏｐｅｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｌｏｗｅｒｏｓｉｏｎ .Ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｓａｍｅｒａｉｎｆａｌｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎ ,ｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｆｌｏｗ…     

气固两相流风机的三元计算与二元计算的比较

在单相耦合模型的基础上，采用合适的粒子反弹模型和磨损模型，分析、推导、编制了三元粒子运动、碰撞的程序，并与二元粒子程序进行了比较，验证了该三元程序的优越性，为气固两相流离心风机叶轮的研制提供了一个行之有效的理论工具。     

电极熔蚀导致的气体开关绝缘子性能劣化

气体开关导通时,电极材料熔融或汽化并从电极表面移出,导致开关绝缘子被染污,并可能诱发开关内绝缘闪络事故,直接影响气体开关寿命和脉冲功率系统稳定性。在开关内嵌入有机玻璃圆环,收集黄铜电极熔蚀产物,并研究其对开关绝缘子表面形貌和沿面绝缘强度的影响。实验结果表明,电极熔蚀会产生大量金属蒸汽和溅射液滴,且熔蚀产物具有明显的轴向分布特性,其中,金属蒸汽冷凝并附着在绝缘子表面,形成细微的金属粉末;溅射液滴轰击绝缘子表面,在局部区域形成密集的表面裂纹和金属颗粒嵌入物。在两种电极熔蚀产物的共同作用下,开关绝缘子表面绝缘电阻下降,闪络场强降低;同时,绝缘子表面轴向不同区域的绝缘电阻差别很大,引起绝缘子表面电压分布不均和局部电场增强,最终导致开关绝缘子闪络电压降低,闪络概率增大。