石油防砂割缝筛管的冲蚀磨损性能研究

以直径为0.1～0.6 mm的石英砂为磨料,黏度为10 mPa·s的原油为携砂液,在自制的冲蚀磨损试验装置上研究了含砂原油对石油防砂割缝筛管的冲蚀磨损性能,采用LW200-4CS数码倒置金相显微镜观测了筛管缝口表面的冲蚀磨损形貌;利用曲线拟合方法建立了割缝筛管冲蚀磨损率与原油流速、砂粒直径、砂粒浓度、冲蚀角之间关系的数学模型.结果表明:筛管的冲蚀磨损率随含砂原油流速的增加而成指数关系增加;开始时随着原油中所携带砂粒直径和浓度的增加,筛管的冲蚀磨损率增加,达到一定数值后砂粒直径和浓度再增加,割缝筛管的冲蚀磨损率反而降低;随着冲蚀角的增大,割缝筛管的冲蚀磨损率增加,在冲蚀角为90°时达到最大,这种现象不同于塑性材料的冲蚀磨损机理;所建立的数学模型与试验结果较吻合.     

裸露地表土壤风蚀及其电场数值模拟

土壤风蚀及电场机理研究是认识其灾害本质,进而实现有效防治的基础。采用颗粒流体动力学方法,建立裸露地表土壤风蚀的气-固耦合模型,并基于水的电离理论,建立了运动土壤颗粒碰撞带电模型。数值计算结果不仅从理论上再现了裸露地表土壤风蚀的发生、发展及达到动态稳定的过程,而且定量分析了土壤风蚀过程颗粒的带电特性及其产生的风蚀电场。在风-颗粒相互耦合作用下,裸露地表土壤颗粒的风蚀过程最终达到动态稳定,土壤风蚀量随高度呈指数规律递减,且贴近地表层风蚀量较大。土壤颗粒在运动中的碰撞使得颗粒发生带电现象,粒径较大颗粒带正电,粒径较小颗粒带负电;由带电土壤颗粒产生的风蚀电场强度随高度减小,且在风蚀过程中逐渐增强,在风蚀达到动态平衡时风蚀电场趋于稳定。本文综合考虑了风-土壤-电场的土壤风蚀过程,这将为建立更加符合实际、较为全面的土壤风蚀模型提供理论基础。     

碳滑板电滑动温升及其对滑板磨损影响的试验研究

使用高速载流摩擦磨损试验机,研究了碳滑板与接触线电滑动摩擦时接触压力、相对滑动速度、电流和电弧放电能量变化对碳滑板温升的影响,比较了不同温升时碳滑板的磨损形貌.结果表明:滑板的温升随滑动速度、电流、电弧放电能量的增加而增加,随接触压力的增加而减小.碳滑板的磨损形貌观察显示:碳滑板的温升会显著影响滑板的磨损形貌,随着温升的增加,碳滑板的磨损就越严重.碳滑板的不同温升对应着不同的磨损机制:温升50℃左右时,碳滑板表面以片状剥离的机械磨损为主;温升90℃左右时,碳滑板表面以机械磨损为主,并出现少量的烧蚀区域;温升在180~200℃左右时,碳滑板表面出现大量的烧蚀区域,以电弧烧蚀磨损为主;温升在300℃左右时,碳滑板易出现疲劳裂纹,以电弧烧蚀磨损为主.     

铈对酸雨胁迫下大麦种子萌发的影响

研究了铈对酸雨胁迫大麦种子萌发的影响,随着雨ｐＨ值的增加,大麦发芽势,发芽率、幼苗地下与地上部干重及叶绿素含量递减,根系质膜透性递增;酸雨对铈浸种的大麦种子的胁迫作用减轻,表明有缓解酸雨胁迫种子萌发的作用。     

Synthesis of (S)-gizzerosine, a potent inducer of gizzard erosion in chicks

(S)-Gizzerosine, a potent inducer of gizzard erosion in chicks, was synthesized using successive zinc-mediated and palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions as the key steps.     

Monte Carlo simulation for millimeter wave propagation and scattering in rain medium

As the operating frequencies of communications systems more higher into the millimeter wave range, the effects of multiple scattering in precipitation media become more significant. This paper treats the problems of electromagnetic multiple scattering in rain medium by the Monte Carlo method. The em wave is regarded as a Markov chain of photon collisions in a medium in which it is scattered and absorbed. For the sake of simplicity, the polarization is not taken into account, the above mentioned problems are described by the scale integro-diffierential equation of transfer. When the plane wave through a random medium with particle size distribution, the technique of weighted average is used to characterize the radiation intensity, including average scattering, absorption coefficients and phase function. The Monte Carlo simulation algorithms are done for the rain attenuation and reflectance at millimeter wavelength region. Our computational results are in good agreement with experimental data of rain attenuation.     

Ultrasonic cavitation in thin liquid layers

The generation of ultrasonic cavitation in a thin liquid layer trapped between a large radiating surface and a hard reflector and bounded laterally by a gas–liquid interface is investigated. The theoretical analysis predicts that a large amplification of the acoustical pressure is obtained with this configuration. Experiments are conducted by driving the layer with horn-type transducers having a large emitting surface. Ultrasonic cavitation is obtained in a broad frequency range at low input intensity due to the amplification effect. Erosion tests on metallic foils demonstrate the existence of a region of intense cavitation activity which can be localised by controlling the input intensity.     

Modelling the trade‐offs between farm income and the reduction of erosion and nitrate pollution

Water is a very limited resource in Tunisia, both in quantity and in quality. Problems of quality are related to urban, industrial and agricultural activity. Erosion is causing dams to silt up and is leading to phosphorus accumulation in water. The use of agrochemicals, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, is causing problems of eutrophication. This paper presents the results of a study of sediment and nitrate pollution. The methodology used is based on the EPIC simulation model and a multiobjective programming model (MOPM). The data generated by EPIC are input for the MOPM together with the economic variables. These tools are applied to a 486 ha farm located in northern Tunisia which includes an irrigated area of 300 ha. The study considers three objectives: maximization of gross margin, minimization of erosion, and minimization of nitrate losses. The noninferior set estimation method is implemented to generate the tradeoff curves between the objectives. Results show that nitrate losses are important for both rainfed and irrigated land. The same conclusion is valid for erosion. It is shown that the farmer can reduce the environmental burden without decreasing gross margin, since he is operating below the efficiency curve.     

The Study of Depolarization Effects due to Rain Media in MM Wave Band by System Identification

We use an equivalent random system for the discrete rain medium. A serial model of computing cross-polar discrimination (XPD) is given by system model with propagation experiment data in Xi'an, China. The calculated results show this method is effective and straightforward.     

Analytical solutions to mathematical models of the surface and bulk erosion of solid polymers

The process by which polymeric materials hydrolyze and disappear into their environments is often called erosion. Two types of erosion have been defined according to how the hydrolysis takes place. If hydrolysis occurs throughout the entire specimen at the same time, it is called bulk erosion. If the hydrolysis is mainly confined to a region near the surface of the specimen and the surface continuously degrades by moving inward, it is termed surface erosion. In this article, a kinetic relationship for bulk erosion is developed. This relationship provides a method for estimating the hydrolysis kinetic constants for bulk‐eroding polymers. This same relationship is also applicable to surface erosion at a microscopic level. Through its combination with a diffusion–reaction equation and the provision of moving boundary conditions, an analytical solution to the steady‐state surface‐erosion problem is obtained. The erosion rate, erosion front width, and induction time can all be expressed as simple functions of the rate of polymer bond hydrolysis, water diffusivity, and solubility, plus other parameters that can be experimentally determined. The erosion front width is the product of the induction time and the erosion rate. The ratio of the erosion front width to the polymer specimen thickness is a parameter that determines whether the specimen undergoes surface or bulk erosion. Theoretical results are compared with experimental observations from the literature, and agreement is found. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 383–397, 2005