坡面侵蚀形态转变过程的REE示踪法研究

利用REE元素示踪法，采取沿坡面垂直分层布设的新的试验布设方法，通过室内模拟降雨试验，研究了次降雨条件下坡面侵蚀形态的转变过程和细沟的发育发展过程。研究结果表明，降雨初期坡面以面蚀为主，细沟出现后，坡面侵蚀将加快加剧；随着降雨时间的延续，累积面蚀量和细沟累积侵蚀量都将逐渐增加，后者的增加速率大于前者，面蚀所占总侵蚀量的百分比随降雨时间呈曲线形式逐渐递减，细沟侵蚀则逐渐增加；试验结束时细沟侵蚀量分别为面蚀量的4—5倍。本研究为定量区分片蚀和细沟侵蚀量以及坡面侵蚀过程中片蚀向细沟侵的转变以细胞侵蚀发生、发育提供了新的思路和解决途径。     

以对甲基苯磺酸作为淋洗液用离子色谱法测定酸雨中的有机酸

本文研究了用对甲基苯磺酸作为淋洗液测定液相中HCOO~-和CH_3COO~-的离子色谱条件,该方法对HCOO~-和CH_3COO~-的最低检出限分别为48ppb和93ppb。该方法与用进口的辛磺酸作为淋洗液的方法进行了对比实验,并用于两广实际酸雨样品中甲酸和乙酸的测量。     

Cavitation erosion by shockwave self-focusing of a single bubble

The ability of cavitation bubbles to effectively focus energy is made responsible for cavitation erosion, traumatic brain injury, and even for catalyse chemical reactions. Yet, the mechanism through which material is eroded remains vague, and the extremely fast and localized dynamics that lead to material damage has not been resolved. Here, we reveal the decisive mechanism that leads to energy focusing during the non-spherical collapse of cavitation bubbles and eventually results to the erosion of hardened metals. We show that a single cavitation bubble at ambient pressure close to a metal surface causes erosion only if a non-axisymmetric energy self-focusing is at play. The bubble during its collapse emits shockwaves that under certain conditions converge to a single point where the remaining gas phase is driven to a shockwave-intensified collapse. We resolve the conditions under which this self-focusing enhances the collapse and damages the solid. High-speed imaging of bubble and shock wave dynamics at sub-picosecond exposure times is correlated to the shockwaves recorded with large bandwidth hydrophones. The material damage from several metallic materials is detected in situ and quantified ex-situ via scanning electron microscopy and confocal profilometry. With this knowledge, approaches to mitigate cavitation erosion or to even enhance the energy focusing are within reach.     

Synergistic enhancement of vinyltriethoxysilane and layered Mg–Al double hydroxide on the tracking and erosion resistance of silicone rubber

It is of great significance and challenge to efficiently improve the tracking and erosion resistance of silicone rubber along with the growing requirements in the field of outdoor high voltage insulation. In this work, we herein proposed an effective way to address this issue by incorporating vinyltriethoxysilane (ViTES) and layered Mg–Al double hydroxide (LDH) into high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (HTVSR). ViTES/LDH notably enhanced the tracking and erosion resistance of HTVSR. With addition of 3.33 phr ViTES and 5.00 phr LDH, the anti-tracking performance of HTVSR reached the 1A 4.5 level, and the eroded mass was merely 0.3%. The results of scanning electron microscopy and equilibrium swelling showed that ViTES substantially improved the interfacial interaction between HTVSR and LDH and the crosslinking density of HTVSR, and enhanced the dispersion of LDH sheets in the HTVSR matrix. The possible synergistic suppression mechanism of ViTES/LDH on the tracking and erosion of HTVSR was further studied and demonstrated by the plasma irradiation analysis, thermogravimetry and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. It was indicated that under the high voltage arcing discharge, LDH facilitated the formation of a dense barrier layer consisting of bimetal mixed oxides on the HTVSR surface, exerting outstanding lamellar barrier effect. The further degradation and the generation as well as development of electrical tracking were efficiently suppressed. Our findings provided a new approach to fabricate silicone rubber with excellent tracking and erosion resistance.     

基于微波链路的路径雨强反演方法及实验研究

从大气气体吸收衰减模型出发, 基于微波雨衰特性和雨滴谱统计资料建立了微波链路降雨有效衰减的修正模型和视距微波链路的降雨反演模型. 设计并搭建一条视距微波链路测雨实验系统, 利用降雨反演模型反演了路径平均降雨强度, 并与雨滴谱仪进行了同步对比. 观测结果表明, 视距微波链路降雨反演模型的反演雨强与雨滴谱仪测量结果的相关系数大多高于0.6, 最高可达0.9647; 累积降雨量的绝对误差大多在0.5 mm以内, 最小偏差仅有0.0827 mm; 相对偏差大部分在15%以内, 最小相对误差为3.3415%. 实验结果验证了微波链路反演降雨的有效性和准确性.     

Trace analysis of acids and bases by conductometric titration with multiparametric non-linear regression

A chemometric method for analysis of conductometric titration data was introduced to extend its applicability to lower concentrations and more complex acid-base systems. Auxiliary pH measurements were made during the titration to assist the calculation of the distribution of protonable species on base of known or guessed equilibrium constants. Conductivity values of each ionized or ionizable species possibly present in the sample were introduced in a general equation where the only unknown parameters were the total concentrations of (conjugated) bases and of strong electrolytes not involved in acid-base equilibria. All these concentrations were adjusted by a multiparametric nonlinear regression (NLR) method, based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. This first conductometric titration method with NLR analysis (CT-NLR) was successfully applied to simulated conductometric titration data and to synthetic samples with multiple components at concentrations as low as those found in rainwater (∼10 μmol L⁻¹). It was possible to resolve and quantify mixtures containing a strong acid, formic acid, acetic acid, ammonium ion, bicarbonate and inert electrolyte with accuracy of 5% or better.     

Electromagnetic wave propagation in rain and polarization effects

This paper summarizes our study on microwave and millimeter-wave propagation in rain with special emphasis on the effects of polarization. Starting from a recount of our past findings, we will discuss developments with these and how they are connected with subsequent research.     

Design of a rate- and time-programming drug release device using a hydrogel: pulsatile drug release from κ-carrageenan hydrogel device by surface erosion of the hydrogel

We have found that a repetitive pulsatile drug release with a certain time interval is observed from a monolithic hydrogel device by surface erosion of the hydrogel. As a model system of pulsatile drug release, dibucaine hydrochloride and κ-carrageenan hydrogel were chosen as a drug and a device, respectively. Electrostatic interactions between dibucaine hydrochloride and κ-carrageenan polymer segments are strong, since dibucaine hydrochloride is positively charged and each disaccharide repeating unit of κ-carrageenan chains has one sulfate group. Dibucaine hydrochloride was loaded into the hydrogel by immersing dry κ-carrageenan hydrogel disks in a dibucaine hydrochloride solution for 24 h. The pulsed release of dibucaine hydrochloride from the device was observed every 50 min between 30 and 250 min after the release starts. The weight of κ-carrageenan hydrogel decreases in an oscillatory manner with time in distilled water. The oscillatory changes observed in the hydrogel weight in distilled water are considered to be caused by influx and efflux of water molecules into and from the surface and core of the hydrogel and by polymer liberation from the hydrogel. This phenomenon was well explained by our kinetic model [Colloids and Surfaces B 8 (1996) 93–100]. The time interval between pulses observed in drug release coincides with that observed in the oscillatory weight change of the hydrogel. From these, it was concluded that the pulsatile release of dibucaine hydrochloride from the device was caused by the pulsatile liberation of swollen κ-carrageenan hydrogel from the surface of the device.     

Investigation on biological properties of tacrolimus-loaded poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) in vitro

The drug-eluting stents have been regarded as a milestone in inhibiting the restenosis of coronary arteries. However, adverse reactions caused by bare-metal stents and non-biodegradable polymer coatings may result in some clinical problems. In this study, a new tacrolimus-eluting stent coated with biodegradable poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) is developed. The structures are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and the wettability is measured by contact angle assay. The biological behaviors are evaluated by the in vitro platelets adhesion test, APTT test, the human umbilical cord artery smooth muscle cells (HUCASMCs), 4′,6-diamidine-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and actin immunofluorescence staining, MTT colorimetric assay. These results show that after blending tacrolimus into PTMC, the anticoagulant behavior is improved, and the adhesion and proliferation of HUCASMCs on samples are inhibited. This work aims to find one kind of surface erosion biodegradable polymers that can be applied as drug-eluting stent coatings.     

Supramolecular Control of Ester Hydrolysis in Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Interlocked Hydrogels

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐interlocked hydrogels were prepared by linking the PEG with α‐cyclodextrins (α‐CDs) threaded onto a PEG chain having ester linkages at the terminals (hydrolyzable polyrotaxane). These hydrogels were examined to clarify the effect of ionic strength of phosphate buffers, pH, and the addition of ethanol on erosion time in relation to inclusion states of α‐CDs with the ester linkages. The most characteristic phenomenon of the hydrogel erosion was observed in an ethanol/PBS cosolvent system: the time to reach the complete erosion time was shortened with decreasing water content. NMR analysis revealed that the ester linkages were exposed to the aqueous environment due to the aggregation of α‐CDs. These results suggest that the movement of α‐CDs in the polyrotaxanes from the terminal ester region to the another region gives the ester linkages a chance to interact with water.