Modeling the Formation of Fluid Banks During Counter-Current Flow in Porous Media

Fluid banks sometimes form during gravity-driven counter-current flow in certain natural reservoir processes. Prediction of flow performance in such systems depends on our understanding of the bank-formation process. Traditional modeling methods using a single capillary pressure curve based on a final saturation distribution have successfully simulated counter-current flow without fluid banks. However, it has been difficult to simulate counter-current flow with fluid banks. In this paper, we describe the successful saturation-history-dependent modeling of counter-current flow experiments that result in fluid banks. The method used to simulate the experiments takes into account hysteresis in capillary pressure and relative permeabilities. Each spatial element in the model follows a distinct trajectory on the capillary pressure versus saturation map, which consists of the capillary hysteresis loop and the associated capillary pressure scanning curves. The new modeling method successfully captured the formation of the fluid banks observed in the experiments, including their development with time. Results show that bank formation is favored where the p_c-versus-saturation slope is low. Experiments documented in the literature that exhibited formation of fluid banks were also successfully simulated.     

Drag Reduction of a Circular Cylinder Using an Upstream Rod

Experimental studies on the drag reduction of the circular cylinder were conducted by pressure measurement at a Reynolds number of 82 000 (based on the cylinder diameter). A rod was placed upstream of and parallel to the cylinder to control the flow around the cylinder. The upstream rod can reduce the resultant force of the cylinder at various spacing between the rod and the cylinder for α < 5^∘(α defined as the staggered angle of the rod and the cylinder). For α > 10^∘, the resultant force coefficient has a large value, so the upstream rod cannot reduce the force on the cylinder any more. For α = 0^∘ and d/D = 0.5 (where d and D are the diameter of the rod and the cylinder, respectively), the maximum drag of the cylinder reduces to 2.34% that of the single cylinder. The mechanism of the drag reduction of the cylinder with an upstream rod in tandem was presented by estimating the local contributions to the drag reduction of the pressure variation. In the staggered arrangement, the flow structures have five flow patterns (they are the cavity mode, the wake splitting mode, the wake merge mode, the weak boundary layer interaction mode and the negligible interaction mode) according to the pressure distribution and the hydrogen bubble flow visualization. The half plane upwind of the cylinder can be divided to four regions, from which one can easily estimates the force acting on the circular cylinder with an upstream rod in staggered arrangement.     

Experimental investigations on the dynamic behavior of a 2-DOF airfoil in the transitional Re number regime based on digital-image correlation measurements

The present paper investigates the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) of a wing with two degrees of freedom (DOF), i.e., pitch and heave, in the transitional Reynolds number regime. This 2-DOF setup marks a classic configuration in aeroelasticity to demonstrate flutter stability of wings. In the past, mainly analytic approaches have been developed to investigate this challenging problem under simplifying assumptions such as potential flow. Although the classical theory offers satisfying results for certain cases, modern numerical simulations based on fully coupled approaches, which are more generally applicable and powerful, are still rarely found. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide appropriate experimental reference data for well-defined configurations under clear operating conditions. In a follow-up contribution these will be used to demonstrate the capability of modern simulation techniques to capture instantaneous physical phenomena such as flutter. The measurements in a wind tunnel are carried out based on digital-image correlation (DIC). The investigated setup consists of a straight wing using a symmetric NACA 0012 airfoil. For the experiments the model is mounted into a frame by means of bending and torsional springs imitating the elastic behavior of the wing. Three different configurations of the wing possessing a fixed elastic axis are considered. For this purpose, the center of gravity is shifted along the chord line of the airfoil influencing the flutter stability of the setup. Still air free-oscillation tests are used to determine characteristic properties of the unloaded system (e.g. mass moment of inertia and damping ratios) for one (pitch or heave) and two degrees (pitch and heave) of freedom. The investigations on the coupled 2-DOF system in the wind tunnel are performed in an overall chord Reynolds number range of $9.66\times 10^3\le \text{Re}\le 8.77\times 10^4$. The effect of the fluid-load induced damping is studied for the three configurations. Furthermore, the cases of limit-cycle oscillation (LCO) as well as diverging flutter motion of the wing are characterized in detail. In addition to the DIC measurements, hot-film measurements of the wake flow for the rigid and the oscillating airfoil are presented in order to distinguish effects originating from the flow and the structure.     

压力梯度对湍流逆梯度输运的影响

研究Birkhoff系统的一般Lie对称性导致的非Noether守恒量. 得到非Noether守恒 量的存在定理，举例说明结果的应用.     

Stability of longitudinally corrugated cylindrical shells under uniform surface pressure

The buckling problem for longitudinally corrugated cylindrical shells under external pressure is solved. The solution makes practically exact allowance for the geometry and buckling modes of the shell. The inaccuracy of the results is due to the assumption that the subcritical state is momentless. Shells consisting of cylindrical panels of smaller radius and noncircular shells with sinusoidal corrugations are analyzed for stability. The practical applicability of such shells is demonstrated __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 66–79, October 2007.     

Supersonic flow past a wedge on a flat plate. Laminar boundary layer separation and reattachment

Supersonic laminar flow past a two-dimensional “flat-plate/wedge“ configuration is numerically investigated. The pressures at the boundary layer separation and reattachment points are calculated over wide Mach and Reynolds number ranges. The minimum angles of the wedge surface inclination at which a return flow occurs are determined. The results are presented in the form of generalized Mach-number-dependences of the theoretical pressure on the wedge surface initiating boundary layer separation and the pressure at the boundary layer reattachment point.     

电动力学中衰减机械系统的非线性振荡方法

衰减机械系统的非线性振荡可用来研究长约瑟夫逊结的电动力学方程式，而这方程式等同于弱衰减机械系统的非线性振荡。本文应用的方法是将控制方程线性化及结合谐波平衡法（线性谐波平衡法）而产生色散关系，再把平均法应用在弱非线性的耗散系统中得到非常准确的瞬变反应。在此提出的方法不仅考虑能量耗散，而且利用简单的线性代数等式关系来代替冗长及复杂的分析近似解。     

Accurate Higher-Order Analytical Approximate Solutions to Large-Amplitude Oscillating Systems with a General Non-Rational Restoring Force

A new approximate analytical approach for accurate higher-order nonlinear solutions of oscillations with large amplitude is presented in this paper. The oscillatory system is subjected to a non-rational restoring force. This approach is built upon linearization of the governing dynamic equation associated with the method of harmonic balance. Unlike the classical harmonic balance method, simple linear algebraic equations instead of nonlinear algebraic equations are obtained upon linearization prior to harmonic balancing. This approach also explores large parameter regions beyond the classical perturbation methods which in principle are confined to problems with small parameters. It has significant contribution as there exist many nonlinear problems without small parameters. Through some examples in this paper, we establish the general approximate analytical formulas for the exact period and periodic solution which are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation.     

Liquid single- and gas—liquid two-phase flows of magnetic fluid in the presence of a high non-uniform parallel magnetic field

The effect of a non-uniform parallel high magnetic field on flow control characteristics is investigated experimentally for a magnetic fluid single-phase flow and an air—magnetic fluid two-phase flow in a vertical channel. It is found that as the magnetic field strength is increased, the friction factor of the single-phase flow increases significantly. For the two-phase flow, the friction pressure loss and the head pressure loss, which is smaller than the friction loss, are negligibly small compared with the magnetic pressure loss. In the case where air is injected 27.9d upstream from the maximum magnetic field, the air flow is blocked by the magnetic force in the entrance of the magnetic field, which leads to increases in both local void fraction and pressure drop there. In the case where air is injected 1.43d downstream from the maximum magnetic field, the air flow is accelerated, resulting in a decrease in void fraction and an increase in pressure rise. In the latter case and under the present range of experimental conditions, the magnetic pumping head reaches 0.02 MPa at the highest, and the maximum circulation flow rate reaches twice as high as non-magnetically driven flow rate.     

岩石（煤）的碎胀与压实特性研究

本文通过自行设计的一套岩石（煤）的松散和压实试验方案及相应的实验设备，对兖州矿区岩（煤）样进行了较为系统的碎胀与压实特性研究，测定了岩石（煤）的碎胀系数、碎胀曲线、压实曲线和侧压曲线．