胶束液相色谱法测定制剂和尿样中布洛芬

采用胶束液相色谱法分离和测定制剂和尿样中布洛芬,考察了表面活性剂的种类及浓度、柱温、流动相pH值,流速对布洛芬色谱保留行为的影响,探讨并提出了布洛芬在吐温-80为非离子表面活性剂的胶束液相色谱中的色谱保留模型。以ZORBAXExtend-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm),20mmol.L-1吐温-80和25mmol.L-1磷酸氢二钾(pH7.8)混合溶液为流动相,在263nm处进行测定,布洛芬的保留时间为5.8min。布洛芬的质量浓度在0.2～1.0g.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为1.1ng,平均回收率达98.3%～102.1%。     

水蒸气重整生物质裂解油及其模型分子制氢*

随着能源枯竭和环境日益恶化,利用可再生的生物质裂解油或其模型分子重整制氢逐渐引起人们重视。本文结合国内外重整制氢的研究进展,从催化剂、反应过程和反应机理三个方面对生物质裂解油及其模型分子(乙醇、乙酸、乙二醇、丙三醇、葡萄糖和苯酚等)水蒸气重整制氢研究现状进行了回顾。在重整催化剂方面主要对贵金属和过渡金属催化剂的研究进展进行了总结,对一些新的重整过程如液相重整等也进行了介绍。在反应机理方面主要是对乙醇、乙酸、乙二醇和葡萄糖在重整反应中的反应路径进行了归纳。此外,对水蒸气重整反应中遇到的问题如积碳和副产物的产生等也进行了详细的分析,并对生物质制氢未来发展的方向进行了展望。     

Profiling of phospholipids in lipoproteins by multiplexed hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation and nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

This study describes a coupled analytical method to carry out the systematic profiling of phospholipids (PLs) in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) from human blood plasma. HDL and LDL of healthy human plasma samples were separated by size and collected on a semi-preparative scale using multiplexed hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (MxHF5). Phospholipid mixtures contained in the resulting HDL and LDL fractions were analyzed by shotgun nanoflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (nLC–ESI-MS–MS). We utilized a dual scan method for the separation and simultaneous characterization of complicated PL mixtures by nLC–ESI-MS–MS, such that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules were detected in positive ion mode in a first LC run. In a second LC run, phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidic acid (PA) were detected in negative ion mode. In this study, a total of 56 PLs from HDL and 52 PLs from LDL particles were characterized by their molecular structures from data dependent collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments, and their relative abundances were compared.     

基于化学史的教学设计模型与应用

利用学科发展史进行教育由来已久, 但也受到多方面的质疑。针对提出的普遍性问题, 回顾或建立了5种化学史教学模型: 历史探究模型、科学故事模型、概念转变模型、科学论证模型和课程开发模型, 结合具体案例阐述了化学史教学的操作策略, 指出今后发展方向。     

Evidence for ion–ion interactions between peptides and anions (HSO4− or ClO4−) derived from high‐acidity acids

The existence of gas‐phase electrostatic ion–ion interactions between protonated sites on peptides ([Glu] Fibrinopeptide B, Angiotensin I and [Asn¹, Val⁵]‐Angiotensin II) and attaching anions (ClO₄^? and HSO₄^?) derived from strong inorganic acids has been confirmed by CID MS/MS. Evidence for ion–ion interactions comes especially from the product ions formed during the first dissociation step, where, in addition to the expected loss of the anion or neutral acid, other product ions are also observed that require covalent bond cleavage (i.e. H₂O loss when several carboxylate groups are present, or NH₃ loss when only one carboxylate group is present). For [[Glu] Fibrinopeptide B + HSO₄]^?, under CID, H₂O water loss was found to require less energy than H₂SO₄ departure. This indicates that the interaction between HSO₄^? and the peptide is stronger than the covalent bond holding the hydroxyl group, and must be an ion–ion interaction. The strength and stability of this type of ion‐pairing interaction are highly dependent on the accessibility of additional mobile charges to the site. Positive mobile charges such as protons from the peptide can be transferred to the attaching anion to possibly form a neutral that may depart from the complex. Alternatively, an ion–ion interaction can be disrupted by a competing proximal additional negatively charged site of the peptide that can potentially form a salt bridge with the positively charged site and thereby facilitate the attaching anion's departure. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of the n‐octanol/water partition coefficients of weakly ionizable basic compounds by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with neutral model compounds

A strategy to utilize neutral model compounds for lipophilicity measurement of ionizable basic compounds by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography is proposed in this paper. The applicability of the novel protocol was justified by theoretical derivation. Meanwhile, the linear relationships between logarithm of apparent n‐octanol/water partition coefficients (logK_ow′′) and logarithm of retention factors corresponding to the 100% aqueous fraction of mobile phase (logk_w) were established for a basic training set, a neutral training set and a mixed training set of these two. As proved in theory, the good linearity and external validation results indicated that the logK_ow′′–logk_w relationships obtained from a neutral model training set were always reliable regardless of mobile phase pH. Afterwards, the above relationships were adopted to determine the logK_ow of harmaline, a weakly dissociable alkaloid. As far as we know, this is the first report on experimental logK_ow data for harmaline (logK_ow = 2.28 ± 0.08). Introducing neutral compounds into a basic model training set or using neutral model compounds alone is recommended to measure the lipophilicity of weakly ionizable basic compounds especially those with high hydrophobicity for the advantages of more suitable model compound choices and convenient mobile phase pH control.     

Study of Bimodal Drop Size Distributions of Emulsion

In order to increase the present understanding of bimodal emulsion drop size distributions, systematic series of experiments have been carried out to investigate the effects of formulation variables on bimodal drop size distributions, and probability distribution functions were proposed to analyze the distribution. The results show that, the span of the drop size and Sauter mean diameter become larger when the dispersed phase volume fraction becomes higher and rotor speed becomes lower; the Frechet function represents the experimental data satisfactorily. The prediction model of Sauter mean diameter established by combining the prediction theory of the maximum stable drop diameter and experimental analysis results can fit the experimental data well.