Characterization of size‐segregated aerosols using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling

Size‐segregated particles were collected with a ten‐stage micro‐orifice uniform deposit impactor from a busy walkway in a downtown area of Hong Kong. The surface chemical compositions of aerosol samples from each stage were analyzed using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) operated in the static mode. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were compared, and the positive ion spectra from stage 2 to stage 10 were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Both spectral analysis and PCA results show that the coarse‐mode particles were associated with inorganic ions, while the fine particles were associated with organic ions. PCA results further show that the particle surface compositions were size dependent. Particles from the same mode exhibited more similar surface features. Particles from stage 2 (5.6–10 µm), stage 6 (0.56–1 µm), and stage 10 (0.056–0.1 µm) were further selected as representatives of the three modes, and the chemical compositions of these modes of particles were examined using ToF‐SIMS imaging and depth profiling. The results reveal a non‐uniform chemical distribution from the outer to the inner layer of the particles. The coarse‐mode particles were shown to contain inorganic salts beneath the organics surface. The accumulation‐mode particles contained sulfate, nitrate, ammonium salts, and silicate in the regions below a thick surface layer of organic species. The nucleation‐mode particles consisted mainly of soot particles with a surface coated with sulfate, hydrocarbons, and, possibly, fullerenic carbon. The study demonstrated the capability of ToF‐SIMS depth profiling and imaging in characterizing both the surface and the region beneath the surface of aerosol particles. It also revealed the complex heterogeneity of chemical composition in size and depth distributions of atmospheric particles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of block depth distribution in PS‐b‐PMMA block copolymer using ultra‐low‐energy cesium sputtering in ToF‐SIMS

Directed self‐assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) is a promising candidate for next generation nanolithography. In order to validate a given pattern, the lateral and in‐depth distributions of the blocks should be well characterized; for the latter, time‐of‐flight (ToF) SIMS is a particularly well‐adapted technique. Here, we use an ION‐TOF ToF‐SIMS V in negative mode to provide qualitative information on the in‐depth organization of polystyrene‐b‐polymethylmethacrylate (PS‐b‐PMMA) BCP thin films. Using low‐energy Cs⁺ sputtering and Bi₃⁺ as the analysis ions, PS and PMMA homopolymer films are first analyzed in order to identify the characteristic secondary ions for each block. PS‐b‐PMMA BCPs are then characterized showing that self‐assembled nanodomains are clearly observed after annealing. We also demonstrate that the ToF‐SIMS technique is able to distinguish between the different morphologies of BCP investigated in this work (lamellae, spheres or cylinders). ToF‐SIMS characterization on BCP is in good agreement with XPS analysis performed on the same samples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication and characteristics of self‐aggregation nanoparticles used for conformance control treatment

In order to alleviate the contradiction between injectability of the profile control agent and its profile control performance, a novel core‐shell heterogeneous structure colloidal particles (CSA) were synthesized, and the mechanism of self‐aggregation plugging was proposed. Cross‐linking inside the nanoparticles and chain‐growth polymerization via capturing acrylamide in the aqueous phase result in the formation of core‐shell heterogeneous structures as proved by TEM observation and XPS analysis. Moreover, CSA nanoparticles exhibit good hydrophilic properties, outstanding thermal stability and limited expansion capacity. Effects of different metal cations and surface group on the self‐aggregation time of CSA nanoparticles were systematically studied. Results showed that divalent cations contributed to more significant aggregation of CSA nanoparticles in comparison to monovalent cations. The increasing cations concentration and valency decreased the thickness of electric double layer, which lead to a decrease in the zeta potential. Core flooding test shows that the injection of nanoparticles which diameter is much smaller that of pore‐throats into the target reservoir can not only successfully enter the depth of porous media, but also effectively block the high permeability areas by the formation of self‐aggregation particle clusters. This study provides a new method for the equilibrium between nanoparticles injectivity and in‐depth profile control of nanoparticles.     

Chemical depth profiling and 3D reconstruction of III–V heterostructures selectively grown on non‐planar Si substrates by MOCVD

The chemical characterization of novel 3D architectures with nanometre‐scale dimensions is extremely challenging. The chemical composition of InGaAs/AlAs quantum wells selectively grown in SiO₂ trenches, 100–300 nm wide, is studied. Combining high lateral resolution 3D ToF‐SIMS analysis and Auger measurements, the chemical composition of individual trenches was obtained confirming the uniformity of these III–V heterostructures. These results correlate well with an average approach using SIMS depth profiling. The effects of ion beam orientation on the surface topography of confined structures were highlighted. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

亮度优化立体视频视觉舒适度评价

结合立体视频帧左右视图的灰度图,采用鲁棒性算法与软剪刀算法相结合的"画笔"方案来提取立体视频帧的前景区域,合成视差图并提取水平视差,计算深度视差;根据主观评价结果建立视差深度-视觉舒适度模型,再结合亮度对视觉舒适度的评价模型进行优化,使模型的评分更接近人类视觉系统的评分;结合人类主观评价实验的结果,用逆向代入法求出模型的系数确定模型,最终实现基于人类视觉系统特性的对立体视频视觉舒适度的评价。实验结果表明:通过视觉舒适度模型计算得到的结果与人类主观评价结果之间的误差率不超过5%,其中大部分视频误差率不超过1%。说明评价模型更符合人类主观感知结果的立体视频视觉舒适度,模型评分更接近人类视觉系统特性的主观实验评分,这为立体视频舒适度的评价提供了参考。     

The electronic band structure analysis of OLED device by means of in situ LEIPS and UPS combined with GCIB

Low-energy inverse photoelectron spectroscopy (LEIPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) incorporated into the multitechnique XPS system were used to probe the ionization potential and the electron affinity of organic materials, respectively. By utilizing gas cluster ion beam (GCIB), in situ analyses and depth profiling of LEIPS and UPS were also demonstrated. The band structures of the 10-nm-thick buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀) thin film on Au (100 nm)/indium tin oxide (100 nm)/glass substrate were successfully evaluated in depth direction.     

基于6S模型的遥感影像逐像元大气纠正算法

大气纠正的目的是从遥感影像中去除大气影响,并反演获取地物真实反射率。介绍了一种逐像元对遥感影像进行大气纠正的算法,该算法基于6S(Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)大气辐射传输模型计算建立的查找表(look-up table),并利用地面暗目标(dark object)进行陆地气溶胶光学厚度的自动反演,由于气溶胶的分布具有空间连续性,在获取地面暗目标气溶胶光学厚度值后,通过空间插值的方法计算影像中非暗目标像元的气溶胶光学厚度值,经过查找表二次插值计算,逐像元进行大气纠正并获取像元地表反射率值。以Landsat5遥感影像为例,介绍了算法流程,展示了大气纠正的结果。结果显示,利用查找表逐像元大气纠正的算法,能够在一定程度上去除云雾对影像的影响,更加精确的对遥感影像进行大气纠正并获取地物的真实反射率。     

二步法大景深反射全息图

以开拓反射全息图的景深表达能力为目的,从反射全息图的共轭物像关系出发,利用反射全息图的均匀介质耦合波理论和布拉格条件,对其白光再现像模糊作了具体的分析和讨论,得到色模糊和线模糊的表达式.指出反射全息图上不同各点对任意白光再现像点的色模糊和线迷糊的影响均存在差异,给出反射全息图白光再现像的景深表达式.实验利用二步法制作了一张景深为83 cm的反射全息图,与大景深彩虹全息图再现像相比,其再现像的立体感更加强烈.理论分析和实验结果表明,光源的再现角度和观察距离对反射全息图的再现像景深大小影响显著.在再现光垂直于反射全息图平面照明情况下,反射全息图具有最好的景深表达能力.     

动态柱形空穴膨胀模型及其在侵彻问题中的应用

 在侵彻问题中的应用进行了研究。通过采用相似变换求解塑性区控制方程,获得了动态柱形空穴膨胀中的弹塑性界面速度、径向应力分布、空穴表面应力的解。基于柱形空穴模型,推导了侵彻方程,并将其得到的预测结果与侵彻实验数据进行了比较。结果表明,模型的理论解与现有数据吻合得很好。 结果还显示了材料的可压缩性和塑性强化模量对柱形空穴膨胀以及侵彻阻力的影响。     

新型显微成像光谱仪系统中线阵针孔离焦研究

显微成像光谱仪技术是最近新兴的一种生物组织检测方法,它可以广泛应用在生物医学检测,疑难病症分析、预防、诊断中,已经成为当今生物组织检测领域研究的热点。提出了一种新型的基于线阵针孔阵列的激光扫描共焦显微成像光谱仪系统LP-LSCMIS方案,介绍了其工作原理及优点,讨论了该装置中线阵针孔阵列离焦对系统性能的影响,分析了离焦对生物组织荧光图像的光谱分辨和自体荧光光谱的调制深度的影响。推导出了光谱分辨和调制深度与离焦量的关系式。结果表明,离焦对仪器的性能有较大的影响,因此在装置装调时要求有更高精度的调整机构。