平板湍流边界层整体摩擦阻力的振荡性

本文分别用流场显示和阻力测量两种实验方法,证明了平板整体摩擦阻力存在着振荡性,并得到了其振荡的一些规律和特点。另外,提出了一个与时间相关联的内层速度分布模型。并对其合理性进行了研究,从而导出一个与时间相关联的整体摩擦阻力模型。     

Investigation of a hypersonic crossing shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction

A combined theoretical and experimental study is presented for the interaction between crossing shock waves generated by (10°, 10°) sharp fins and a flat plate turbulent boundary layer at Mach 8.3. The theoretical model is the full 3-D mean compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes RANS) equations incorporating the algebraic turbulent eddy viscosity model of Baldwin and Lomax. A grid refinement study indicated that adequate resolution of the flowfield has been achieved. Computed results agree well with experiment for surface pressure and surface flow patterns and for pitot pressure and yaw angle profiles in the flowfield. The computations, however, significantly overpredict surface heat transfer. Analysis of the computed flowfield results indicates the formation of complex streamline and wave structures within the interaction region.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1.0 and the AMS fonts, developed by the American Mathematical Society.     

Near-wall model for boundary layer turbulence

The evolution of an intermittently created isolated three-dimensional turbulent eddy near a wall is followed in space and time on the assumption that its structure evolves on three separate time scales, a shear interaction one, a viscous one, and a nonlinear one. The large-time limit of the solution for the shear interaction stage shows many of the observed features of the near-wall turbulence structure such as the formation of shear layers, of streaks, and of streamwise vortices. It also provides initial conditions for the viscous and nonlinear stages showing viscous decay of convected structures and the possibility of a singularity in the nonlinear development. The eddy model is also used to construct a new model for the turbulent shear stress showing strong similarity to Prandtl's mixing-length model.     

测量界面软铬层力学性质的纳米压入法

为了测量双层铬的界面软铬层力学性质,提出了化学腐蚀基体法,通过溶解掉基体制备没有基体支撑的自由铬层,将在横截面内线状显示的界面转化为界面表面(铬层与基体相连接的面),避免了横截面不能显示界面表面的缺点。对界面表面进行纳米压入实验和借助于表征薄膜力学性质的表面压入能量法,测得了描述界面软铬层力学性质的弹性模量和压入弹、塑性功等参数。     

The reference shrinkage curve of clay soil

The objective of this work is to develop and validate a model that predicts the reference soil shrinkage curve, that is one without crack volume contribution, as a necessary preliminary step in future estimation of soil crack volume from soil shrinkage data. Current soil shrinkage models are based on the approximation of soil shrinkage data by some a priori taken mathematical expressions and justified by the fitting of their parameters to the data. However, the crack volume entering the data is not single valued and depends on shrinkage conditions. Unlike that the reference shrinkage curve is single valued. For soils with sufficiently high clay content when there are no large pores (lacunar pores) inside the intra-aggregate clay, the reference shrinkage curve is derived from the assumption of the rigid superficial (interface) layer of aggregates with changed pore-size range and distribution compared with the intra-aggregate matrix. This consideration is based on accounting for contributions of the interface aggregate layer and intra-aggregate matrix to the soil volume and water content during shrinkage. The reference shrinkage curve is predicted by eight fundamental physical immediately measured parameters of (i) the intra-aggregate matrix (including clay content); (ii) the aggregate structure; and (iii) the mean silt-sand grain size or mean interface layer thickness. The model was validated using the data for eight soils. In addition to the major potential application for estimating a soil crack volume, the model explains differences between the observed shrinkage curves of soil and pure clay, and it can have other numerous applications.     

Coherent fine scale eddies in turbulence transition of spatially-developing mixing layer

To investigate the relationship between characteristics of the coherent fine scale eddy and a laminar–turbulent transition, a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a spatially-developing turbulent mixing layer with Re_ω,0 = 700 was conducted. On the onset of the transition, strong coherent fine scale eddies appears in the mixing layer. The most expected value of maximum azimuthal velocity of the eddy is 2.0 times Kolmogorov velocity (u_k), and decreases to 1.2u_k, which is an asymptotic value in the fully-developed state, through the transition. The energy dissipation rate around the eddy is twice as high compared with that in the fully-developed state. However, the most expected diameter and eigenvalues ratio of strain rate acting on the coherent fine scale eddy are maintained to be 8 times Kolmogorov length (η) and :β:γ = −5:1:4 in the transition process. In addition to Kelvin–Helmholtz rollers, rib structures do not disappear in the transition process and are composed of lots of coherent fine scale eddies in the fully-developed state instead of a single eddy observed in early stage of the transition or in laminar flow.     

Unsteady boundary layers with small cross flows

Despite the intensive development of computer technology and methods of solving the Navier-Stokes and Reynolds equations, the unsteady problems of the three-dimensional boundary layer are of significant interest in aerodynamics. So far these problems have been little studied as a result of objective difficulties related with the large dimensionality of the system of equations and the complexity of its investigation [{xc1}]. Therefore, analytic results in this field are important. In the present study the unsteady three-dimensional boundary layer equations are investigated in the case of small cross flows using the perturbation method. An intermediate system of equations, which includes the basic three-dimensional effects but is significantly simpler than the initial system is derived. The features of the formulation considered are studied in relation to the important practical problems of boundary layer flow past slender wings and weakly asymmetric bodies at small angles of attack.     

Separation zones in the flow near a small-angle convex corner

On the basis of an asymptotic analysis of the Navier-Stokes system of equations for large Reynolds numbers (Re → ∞), the plane incompressible fluid flow near a surface having a convex corner with a small angle 2θ* is investigated. It is shown that for θ* = O(Re^?1/4), in addition to the known solution that describes a separated flow completely localized in a thin “viscous” sublayer of the interaction region near the corner point, another solution corresponding to a flow with a developed separation zone is possible. For θ ₀ = Re^1/4 θ* = O(1), the longitudinal dimension of this zone varies from finite values up to values of the order of Re^?3/8. The nonuniqueness of the solution is established on a certain range of variation of the parameter θ ₀. The dependence of the drag coefficient on the angle θ* is found.     

Flow and heat transfer in a moving fluid over a moving flat surface

In this paper, a numerical analysis of the momentum and heat transfer of an incompressible fluid past a parallel moving sheet based on composite reference velocity U is carried out. A single set of equations has been formulated for both momentum and thermal boundary layer problems containing the following parameters: r the ratio of the free stream velocity to the composite reference velocity, σ (Prandtl number) the ratio of the momentum diffusivity of the fluid to its thermal diffusivity, and E _c (E _ck ) (Eckert number). The present study has been carried out in the domain 0 ≤ r ≤ 1. It is found that the direction of the wall shear changes in such an interval and an increase of the parameter r yields an increase in temperature.