突发自然灾害应急饮用水反渗透处理工艺研究

以反渗透作为主体工艺进行突发自然灾害应急水处理工艺研究,在试验浓度范围内,反渗透工艺对浊度、CODMn、氨氮和盐类物质的平均去除率分别达99%,90%,87%和96%.对镉、铅、镍、铜4种常见重金属离子的去除效果显著,平均去除率分别达96%,97%,96.5%,96%.对乙苯、二甲苯、氯苯、1,2-二氯苯、1,4-二氯苯、2,4,6-三氯酚、三氯乙酸、三氯乙醛以及乐果、灭草松、草甘膦、敌敌畏、百菌清、毒死蜱6种典型农药的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别达98.51%,98.46%,97.84%,99.03%,99.11%,99.56%,99.24%,99.29%,99.16%,99.98%,99.95%,99.76%,99.61%,99.67%;对三氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、苯酚、苯乙烯的去除效果一般,平均去除率分别为73.43%,86.03%,72.64%,63.31%;对苯、二氯甲烷、甲醛的去除效果较差,平均去除率分别为44.36%,17.57%,8.37%.在试验研究的基础上,提出应急水源地水质建议性标准,为突发性水污染反渗透处理工艺的实际应用提供了参考依据.     

水热pH值对溴氧化铋组成、形貌及光催化性能的影响

通过调节pH值一步水热法制备溴氧化铋光催化剂,并利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、紫外-可见漫反射光谱（UV-vis DRS）和固体荧光光谱（PL）等方法对其进行表征。在可见光（γ>420 nm）照射下,通过对水溶液中罗丹明B,甲基橙和苯酚的降解效果来评价溴氧化铋的光催化活性。结果表明,由于B9提高了对可见光的吸收以及电子-空穴对的分离效率,B9具有最好的光催化活性,同时探索水热pH值对制备溴氧化铋的形貌和组成的影响,并说明了不同水热pH值下溴氧化铋的合成过程。     

The influence of nonpolar organics adsorption on the electrochemical behaviour of powdered activated carbon electrodes in aqueous electrolytes

Adsorption and electrochemical studies were carried out on three activated carbon samples first oxidized, then heat-treated under vacuum (at 180, 500 and 900 °C). The investigations were performed with aqueous electrolyte (Na₂HPO₄ and H₃PO₄) solutions containing selected nonpolar organics (benzene and n-hexane). Adsorption measurements were carried out on solution with a wide range of organics concentration (up to saturation point). Cyclovoltammetric curves of powdered electrodes prepared from the activated carbon samples were recorded for the organics in saturated solutions. The electric double layer capacities of the anodic and cathodic parts were estimated, and the surface anodic and cathodic charge was calculated both in absence and presence of organics in the electrochemical systems. The relative surface charge (in relation to systems without organics) was found to decrease with a reduction in the concentration of surface oxygen-containing groups. Other physicochemical parameters characterizing the degree of surface oxidation (total oxygen concentration, primary water adsorption centres) were also taken into consideration. The correlation between adsorption capacity towards the nonpolar organic compounds (obtained from adsorption isotherms) and change of surface charge was analyzed.     

二氧化钛干凝胶热分解及热处理对表面有机官能团变化的影响

利用X射线衍射(XRD)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术手段研究了溶胶-凝胶(sol-gel)法制备的二氧化钛干凝胶粉末在不同温度下煅烧后表面成分和结构变化,并对不同煅烧温度的粉末样品表面有机官能团的种类及所占的比例进行了探讨。结果表明:二氧化钛干凝胶粉末随着煅烧温度的提高,O-Ti-O结构逐步由复杂的无序网链状结构向有序的晶体结构转变,粉末表面的有机官能团中羧基通过反应产生的螯合物影响二氧化钛晶化;在200~300℃温度范围二氧化钛表面存在大量羟基;300℃左右羧基螯合物分解,在350℃时,憎水碳链官能团已基本除去,在300~350℃,有机官能团加速减少。     

Characterization of chemosynthetic Al2O3-2SiO2 geopolymers

Pure chemosynthetic Al₂O₃-2SiO₂ geoploymers displaying positive alkali-activated polymerization properties and high compressive strength at room temperature were effectively fabricated utilizing a sol-gel method. The molecular structure of the precursor powder and resulting geopolymers were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. In addition, the mechanical and alkali-activated polymerization properties of these materials were also studied. NMR data revealed that the chemosynthetic powders began to contain 5-coordinated Al atoms when the calcination temperatures exceeded 200 °C. These calcined powders were capable of reacting with sodium silicate solutions at calcination temperatures exceeding 300 °C, which is, however, much lower than the temperature required to convert kaolin to Metakaolin.