Two clarifications on the likelihood surface in functional models

The paper consists of two parts. In the first part a previous result by Solari [(1969) J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B31] for a simplified two-variable model is generalized to the multivariate case. In the second part the behaviour of the likelihood surface is clarified when we have replications of observations.     

Carleman estimates for stochastic parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions and applications

By a dual method, two Carleman estimates for forward and backward stochastic parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions are established. Then they are used to study a null controllability problem and a state observation problem for some stochastic forward parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions.     

On the construction of nearly optimal strategies for a general problem of control of partially observed diffusions

In the paper a stochastic control problem consisting of continuously acting controls, impulse controls and stopping times of a partially observed diffusion with discounted cost functional is considered. The problem is successively approximated by time, observation, control and space discretizations to obtain finally a completely observed finite valued control problem. It is shown that the optimal strategy for the approximating problem, which can be numerically computed, is nearly optimal for the original problem     

金属无润滑磨损过程的原位观察与研究

作者借助于新研制的可以直接观察磨损动态过程的试验装置和扫描电镜原位观察了无润滑条件下金属滑动表面的磨损特征与变化,发现摩擦表面可以划分为真实接触区和过渡磨损区,两者的磨损机理不同,真实接触区发生的是粘着磨损,而且磨粒沿摩擦力方向有明显增大的趋势;随着真实接触区的磨损,过渡磨损区可以逐渐转变为真实接触区,而且由于磨粒增多,非磨损区也可以逐渐转变为过渡磨损区。对磨损过程中摩擦力变化的测试结果表明,当磨损表面发生粘着时的粘着力与Bowden和Tabor粘着理论计算值十分接近。     

Phase relationships in the Gd–Co–Al ternary system at 500°C

The phase relationships in the Gd–Co–Al ternary system at 500°C have been investigated mainly by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersion spectroscopy. The existence of two ternary compounds GdCo_0.74Al_1.26 and Gd₂Co₂Al has been confirmed. Twenty-two single-phase regions (including solid solution regions of the binary compounds), 43 two-phase regions, and 22 three-phase regions were found to exist at this isothermal section. In this work, no new binary or ternary phase was found.     

西北地区普通高中化学听评课现状及有效实施对策研究

以甘肃省兰州市15所普通高中的179名化学教师为研究对象,从听评课的目的、态度、内容、方式、制度、组织实施、文化等7个维度深入分析当前高中化学听评课现状。研究发现,兰州市普通高中化学听评课现状具体表现为：教师在观念层面没有真正意识到听评课对于课堂教学研究的意义与价值,操作层面不会通过听评课开展课堂教学研究;学校在制度层面缺乏对教师通过听评课开展课堂教学研究的保障引领,组织实施层面忽视教师个人的主观能动性和个体差异性,另外个人主义和表面合作的文化不利于教师通过听评课开展课堂教学研究;不同类型的教师在听评课的7个维度方面表现出不同程度的差异性。基于此,学校层面应该重建专业的听评课制度,培育专业的教研文化,组建专业的研究共同体;教师层面应该转变传统的听评课观念,培养课堂教学研究的意识,提升课堂教学研究的能力。     

Finding Degradation Trigger Sites of Structural Materials for Airplanes Using X‐Ray Microscopy

Macroscopic properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced plastic (CFRP) and environmental barrier coating (EBC), widely used for airplanes, can be deteriorated by local cracks or degradation (“trigger sites”). We have tried to find these trigger sites using x‐ray microscopy (XM), which can provide the 2D or 3D images of the chemical states and microstructures. Crack initiation in CFRP was observed in a non‐destructive manner in multi‐scales (nm‐mm). 3D chemical‐state mapping of Yb in EBC was achieved with high resolution (<50 nm). In addition to XM, in‐situ observations at high temperatures were conducted for obtaining complementary information. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were performed simultaneously up to 1773 K. Dynamic XAS with short time‐resolution (<10 ns) was conducted to investigate changes in the local structure of metal. These approaches can help us identify degradation trigger sites in the materials.     

实现同步轨道(GEO)高分辨力对地观测的技术途径(上)

在地球静止同步轨道(GEO)上实现高分辨力对地观测,具有一系列独特优点,远为其它轨道所不及。然而,对于36000 km的远程高分辨力可见波段观测,要求望远镜必须具备20 m以上口径的主镜。传统的空间相机,如果要有如此大的口径,其总质量将超过1000 t,无法发射到GEO上。无支撑薄膜望远镜和大口径衍射望远镜,可以大幅度降低主镜质量面密度,从而降低整个相机系统的总质量,可算是一种极好的技术途径。分步发射与在轨装配,则提供了可供此类观测系统实施从地面转运到GEO的技术手段。基于变换成像原理的傅里叶望远镜,将高分辨力的取得,由增大接收口径转变为加大发射间隔,用大面积回波能量探测加上傅里叶分量重构,取代常见的目标图像直接探测,突破了远程高分辨力观测的致命瓶颈。近完美透镜为突破衍射极限提供了可能性,从而为超分辨力观测开拓出一片科学的新天地。负折射率材料(左手型材料)可制成完美透镜,而光子晶体是负折射率材料的热门选择之一,基于表面等离子激元(SPP)的光子器件则是其另一种选择。     

短脉冲激光作用下丙酮液池沸腾现象的瞬态观测

本文对短脉冲激光作用下试件表面的温度变化和丙酮液体汽泡行为进行了瞬态观测,研 究了激光参数和细小金属颗粒等因素对丙酮液体沸腾行为的影响。结果表明：激光参数中,脉宽是 影响温度曲线和汽泡行为的主要因素,随着激光脉宽增大,大汽泡的长大时间和脱离直径减小;汽 泡长大速度与常规沸腾时的完全不同,没有出现等温生长阶段,在激光脉冲后很长时间内汽泡长大 速度快速增大;试件表面覆盖细小金属颗粒后,沸腾过程变得非常剧烈。     

基于Gibbs矢量估计卫星轨道姿态的滤波算法研究

针对“矢量观测 陀螺”这种典型的三轴稳定卫星姿态确定系统模式,引入具有四元数优越性的Gibbs矢量作为姿态参数,提出了一种新的具有良好实时性能的轨道姿态估计方案。在方案设计中,为描述卫星轨道姿态的Gibbs矢量,推导出了基于四元数的运动学方程,并将QUEST法作为处理多矢量观测信息的压缩技术引入估计器,使得滤波修正算法得以简化。另外,针对单矢量观测情况,给出了能够加快状态估值收敛速度的改进协方差修正算法。仿真结果验证,新方案的姿态估计精度与传统的欧拉角估计法相当,而运算效率却明显高于欧拉角估计法。