EFFECT OF NOZZLE FAN ANGLE ON SPRAYS IN GAS-SOLID RISER FLOW

A three-dimensional simulation study is performed for investigating the hydrodynamic behaviors of a cross-flow liquid nitrogen spray injected into an air-fluidized catalytic cracking （FCC） riser of rectangular cross-section. Rectangular nozzles with a fixed aspect ratio but different fan angles are used for the spray feeding. While our numerical simulation reveals a generic three-phase flow structure with strong three-phase interactions under rapid vaporization of sprays, this paper tends to focus on the study of the effect of nozzle fan angle on the spray coverage as well as vapor flux distribution by spray vaporization inside the riser flow. The gas-solid （air-FCC） flow is simulated using the multi-fluid method while the evaporating sprays （liquid nitrogen） are calculated using the Lagrangian trajectory method, with a strong two-way coupling between the Eulerian gas-solid flow and the Lagrangian trajectories of spray. Our simulation shows that the spray coverage is basically dominated by the spray fan angle. The spray fan angle has a very minor effect on spray penetration. The spray vaporization flux per unit area of spray coverage is highly non-linearly distributed along the spray penetration. The convection of gas-solid flow in a riser leads to a significant downward deviation of vapor generated by droplet vaporization, causing a strong recirculating wake region in the immediate downstream area of the spray.     

Buffeting in transonic flow prediction using time‐dependent turbulence model

In transonic flow conditions, the shock wave/turbulent boundary layer interaction and flow separations on wing upper surface induce flow instabilities, ‘buffet’, and then the buffeting (structure vibrations). This phenomenon can greatly influence the aerodynamic performance. These flow excitations are self‐sustained and lead to a surface effort due to pressure fluctuations. They can produce enough energy to excite the structure. The objective of the present work is to predict this unsteady phenomenon correctly by using unsteady Navier–Stokes‐averaged equations with a time‐dependent turbulence model based on the suitable (k–ε) turbulent eddy viscosity model. The model used is based on the turbulent viscosity concept where the turbulent viscosity coefficient (Cμ) is related to local deformation and rotation rates. To validate this model, flow over a flat plate at Mach number of 0.6 is first computed, then the flow around a NACA0012 airfoil. The comparison with the analytical and experimental results shows a good agreement. The ONERA OAT15A transonic airfoil was chosen to describe buffeting phenomena. Numerical simulations are done by using a Navier–Stokes SUPG (streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin) finite‐element solver. Computational results show the ability of the present model to predict physical phenomena of the flow oscillations. The unsteady shock wave/boundary layer interaction is described. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外商直接投资与我国经济增长关系的协整分析

本文通过协整检验和误差修正模型，利用1984-2003年的数据，对外商直接投资与我国经济增长关系进行了实证分析。结果表明：我国经济增长与外商直接投资之间存在长、短期稳定的正向关系。通过Granger因果关系检验，外商直接投资是中国经济增长的Granger原因，而反之却不成立。     

Determination of permeability in fibrous porous media using the lattice Boltzmann method with application to PEM fuel cells

The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate the flow through an idealized proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) porous transport layer (PTL) geometry generated using a Monte Carlo method. Using the calculated flow field, Darcy's law is applied and the permeability is calculated. This process is applied in both through‐ and in‐plane directions of the paper as both of these permeability values are important in computational fluid dynamics models of PEMFCs. It is shown that the LBM can be used to determine permeability in a random porous media by solving the flow in the microstructure of the material. The permeability in the through‐ and in‐plane directions is shown to be different and the anisotropic nature of the geometry creates anisotropic permeability. It is also found that fiber arrangement plays a large role in the permeability of the PTL. New correlations are presented for in‐ and though‐plane permeabilities of fibrous porous media with (0.6<ε<0.8). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the regularization of an equation of the first kind with a multiple integration operator

The zero-order Tikhonov regularization method as applied to an equation of the first kind with a multiple differentiation operator is considered for the case when the solution belongs to a class from the domain of the adjoint operator. An estimate of the error of the approximate solution in the uniform metric is obtained, which is sharp with respect to the order, and the order is established. It is proved that the proposed method is optimal with respect to the order. Unimprovable estimates of the order of the modulus of continuity of the inverse operator are obtained.     

一次强沙尘暴长距离输送的数值模拟研究

利用HYSPLIT-4传输,扩散模式对2003年4月9日发生在我国西北的强沙尘暴进行长距离输送的数值模拟研究,并进行轨迹和浓度分析.研究结果表明:(1)2003年4月9日强沙尘暴过程的沙尘来源并非某单一地区;(2)此次沙尘暴长距离输送过程中,主要有两个高浓度中心向东传输.一个在北纬35度附近,主要在1 500～3000m高空传输,另一个在北纬40度附近,且主要在1 500m以下传输.后期两者合二为一.     

W_2~m[a,b]空间中线性泛函最佳逼近的深入讨论

本文基础上给出了Wm2(a,b)空间再生核构造的普遍方法,并利用再生核讨论算于插值样条的投影性质及最佳数值逼近问题     

随机权函数半参数回归模型的导方差统计分析

在回归分析中,观测值的方差齐性只是一个基本的假定,在参数、半参数和非参数回归模型中关于异方差检验和估计问题已有很多研究.本文在冉昊和朱忠义(2004)讨论的半参数回归模型的基础上,用随机参数方法,讨论随机权函数半参数回归模型中的异方差检验问题,得到了方差齐性检验Score统计量,同时,当半参数模型存在异方差时,本文还给出了估计方差的方法.     

Electronic quasiparticles and evolution of Fermi level spin states in thin magnetic layers

Here we report on high-resolution photoemission of iron layers grown on a W(1 1 0) substrate. The evolution of the substrate states upon sub-monolayer adsorption of Fe atoms leads to a shift in surface state binding energy. For thicker (1 1 0) films, sharp metallic surface states are obtained. Their dispersion displays the signature of quasiparticle renormalization due to dressing with excitations. The energy scale is characteristic for the spin wave spectrum in iron, thereby giving evidence of electron-magnon coupling. Furthermore, it is found that quantum well states occur as a function of layer thickness. These modify the spin density of states at the Fermi level in the ferromagnetic film.     

Low temperature transport properties of thin SOI MOSFETs

Fabrication and 4.2 K mobility measurements of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) metal–oxide-field-effect-transistors are reported. The three sets of samples fabricated in this work include devices for which the SOI film thicknesses (t_SOI) are in the ranges of 10–15, 16–19 and 56–61 nm. The peak mobility of the devices that have the SOI film thickness above 16.5 nm is 1.9 m²/V s. The set of devices with thinnest channel (t_SOI=10–15 nm) suggest that the peak mobility decreases with decreasing t_SOI.