小尺度薄油池火沸腾燃烧特性研究

通过对小尺度薄油池火燃烧特性进行实验研究,分析油池不同燃烧阶段的特点,探讨沸腾燃烧对油池燃烧特性的影响。测量了直径分别为0.10 m、0.14 m、0.20 m和0.30 m正庚烷油池火的燃烧速率以及温度分布随时间变化。分析燃烧过程中燃油液面温度和池壁温度的变化规律,研究池壁沸腾传热对油池沸腾燃烧的影响。结果表明:油池沸腾燃烧阶段的燃烧速率明显大于稳定燃烧阶段;燃油液面温度在油池燃烧初期迅速上升至沸点,随后基本保持不变;池壁温度达到并超过燃料的沸点,从而在油池壁面上发生沸腾现象,是油池发生沸腾燃烧的条件。     

低温共沸混合工质HC170/HFC23池沸腾传热实验研究

实验测量了新型共沸混合工质HC170/HFC23的池核沸腾传热特性.加热面为紫铜表面,实验测量的压力范围为0.1 ～0.5MPa,热流范围为10 ～300 kW/m2.实验结果与传统的低温共沸混合工质R503和R508B的实验数据进行了比较,发现新型共沸工质HC170/HFC23的传热系数与R503相近并高于R508B.同时用现有的经验关联式对实验结果进行了预测,并对预测结果进行了分析.     

土壤中有效硼含量测定方法优化与对比

为确保第三次全国土壤普查数据真实可靠,需对相关标准检测方法进行反复验证以优选出适合在全国范围内推广的方法。目前NY/T 1121.8-2006甲亚胺-H比色法测定土壤有效硼灵敏度较低,显色温度及光照等因素容易对测定结果造成干扰。鉴于此,本文对沸水浴浸提-甲亚胺-H比色法测定土壤有效硼过程中的浸提时间、浸提方式以及显色条件等关键因素进行了分析,并探究方法测定优化条件。结果表明提取时间选择12 min、加盖浸提以及23 ℃避光显色处理,可以较好地减少有效硼测定过程中的误差,获得更为准确的结果。同时对电感耦合等离子体光谱法（ICP-OES）测定土壤有效硼进行了验证,比色法、ICP-OES法的检出限分别为0.012 mg/kg、0.009 mg/kg,均满足分析测定的要求。方法准确度和精密度验证结果表明二者均可用于土壤有效硼的测定,并且实际样品测定结果无显著性差异。其中,比色法适用于测定高含量（>0.5 mg/kg）样品,ICP-OES法适用于中、低含量样品的测定。结合第三次全国土壤普查内业检测定点工作中的经验,本文建议将ICP-OES法作为第三次全国土壤普查有效硼测定的首选方法,以期为“三普”内业检测提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect of surface orientation on pool boiling heat transfer of nanoparticle suspensions

Several investigators have found that there is a significant effect of surface orientation on pool boiling performance and mechanisms, when a pure liquid is boiled over tubular heating surfaces. However, there is no similar study reported in literature for pool boiling of nanoparticle suspensions. This paper investigates the effect nanoparticles, suspended in pure liquids, can have on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer at various surface orientations. Systematic experiments were conducted on a smooth tube (average surface roughness 48 nm) of diameter 33 mm and length 170 mm at various inclinations (0°, 45° and 90°). Electro-statically stabilized water-based nanoparticle suspensions containing alumina nanoparticles (primary average sizes 47 nm and 150 nm) of concentrations 0.25%, 1% and 2% percent by weight were used. It has been found that there is a significant effect of surface orientation on the heat transfer performance. Horizontal orientation gave maximum heat transfer and the heating surface, when inclined at 45°, gave minimum heat transfer. Further, it was observed that surface–particle interaction and modified bubble motion can explain the behavior.     

Flow pattern and boiling heat transfer of CO2 in horizontal small-bore tubes

Increasing attention has been focused on carbon dioxide (CO₂) heat pump system where the temperature level is rather low, while the operating pressure is rather high. In this system, the density difference between vapor and liquid becomes rather small, which significantly affects flow patterns. Low surface tension and latent heat also have significant influence on two-phase flow patterns and heat transfer. This paper describes experimental and numerical investigation on flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics of boiling flow CO₂ at high pressure in horizontal small-bore tubes ranging from 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm I.D. Even though the density difference is rather small at high pressure, phase stratification takes place, which leads to the intermittent dryout at the upper wall. So far developed discrete bubble model by the authors for vertical flows is modified so as to include horizontal flow mechanisms. The predicted flow patterns with this new model agree on the whole with the experimental observation.     

Two-phase flow and pool boiling heat transfer in microgravity

Researches on two-phase flow and pool boiling heat transfer in microgravity, which included ground-based tests, flight experiments, and theoretical analyses, were conducted in the National Microgravity Laboratory/CAS. A semi-theoretical Weber number model was proposed to predict the slug-to-annular flow transition of two-phase gas–liquid flows in microgravity, while the influence of the initial bubble size on the bubble-to-slug flow transition was investigated numerically using the Monte Carlo method. Two-phase flow pattern maps in microgravity were obtained in the experiments both aboard the Russian space station Mir and aboard IL-76 reduced gravity airplane. Mini-scale modeling was also used to simulate the behavior of microgravity two-phase flow on the ground. Pressure drops of two-phase flow in microgravity were also measured experimentally and correlated successfully based on its characteristics. Two space experiments on pool boiling phenomena in microgravity were performed aboard the Chinese recoverable satellites. Steady pool boiling of R113 on a thin wire with a temperature-controlled heating method was studied aboard RS-22, while quasi-steady pool boiling of FC-72 on a plate was studied aboard SJ-8. Ground-based experiments were also performed both in normal gravity and in short-term microgravity in the drop tower Beijing. Only slight enhancement of heat transfer was observed in the wire case, while enhancement in low heat flux and deterioration in high heat flux were observed in the plate case. Lateral motions of vapor bubbles were observed before their departure in microgravity. The relationship between bubble behavior and heat transfer on plate was analyzed. A semi-theoretical model was also proposed for predicting the bubble departure diameter during pool boiling on wires. The results obtained here are intended to become a powerful aid for further investigation in the present discipline and development of two-phase systems for space applications.     

微液层模型预测过冷沸腾的临界热流密度

本文利用微液层模型对过冷沸腾的临界热流密度（CHF）进行了理论预测。过冷沸腾的强化换热主要是通过单个气泡的形成和消失造成的对流换热强化而引起的。对等热流面,CHF在高过冷区趋近于常数;对等温面,CHF随过冷度的增加而增加。过冷度增加时,蒸发换热量减少,总热流密度主要由蒸发区外的导热引起。     

The effect of oxide layer in case of novel coolant spray at very high initial surface temperature

The significant reduction of Leidenfrost effect during the cooling of high carbon steel plate by different potential cooling methodologies does not assure their successful implementation in the fast quenching of high carbon steel plate due to the formation of oxide layer of comparatively low thermal conductivity on the quenching surface. Therefore, the role of oxide layer in case of different potential cooling methodologies needs to be addressed. In the present study, the effect of oxide layer on heat transfer rate in case of upward, downward, and both upward and downward facing spray with additives has been investigated by conducting and comparing the heat transfer cooling data of an AISI 1020 plate with the AISI 304 plate. The comparison clearly depicts that the formation of oxide layer during cooling significantly hinders the heat transfer rate in nucleate boiling regime; however, the reverse phenomenon is observed in transition boiling regime. Among all the coolants, the least effect of oxide layer on enhancement is obtained in case of NaCl (0.4 M)-added water spray due to the deposition of salt on the evaporating surface. The X-ray diffraction analysis and the thickness of the formed oxide layer clearly assert that the coolant depicting minimum oxidation characteristic is preferred.

Abbreviations: AISI: American iron and steel institute; OES: Optical emission spectrophotometer; CHF: Critical heat flux, MW/m²; IHF: Initial heat flux, MW/m²; T_CHF: Temperature at which CHF is achieved, °C; Fps: Frames per second; XRD: X-Ray diffraction; k₁: Thermal conductivity of steel plate, W/m °C; k₂: Thermal conductivity of oxide layer, W/m °C; k₃: Thermal conductivity of coolant, W/m °C; X: x-axis, mm; Y: y-axis, mm; Z: z-axis, mm     

用强化构造强化沸腾传热的实验及可视化研究

重点研究的是水和乙醇在放置了强化元件的光滑铜表面上的池核沸腾传热性能。该强化元件对部分加热表面上方的空间进行限制,使液体存在的空间就被分为交替存在的受限空间和自由空间。本研究中所探讨的主要参数是热通量(13～400 kW/m~2)和受限空间尺度(0.2 mm,0.5 mm,无限制结构)。实验结果表明,对水和乙醇而言,这样的强化元件都可获得良好的沸腾传热特性.可视化结果表明,几乎所有有效核化区域都在受限空间内,即使在高过热度下自由空间内也很少出现有效核化点。     

FC72 and FC87 nucleate boiling inside a narrow horizontal space

This paper presents new experimental results for saturated nucleate boiling of FC72 and FC87 on a horizontal copper disc, at atmospheric pressure, for different degrees of confinement, s, in the range of 0.1-13 mm, and with two kinds of confining element, for low and moderated heat fluxes (?40 kW/m²), on both a downward and an upward facing heating surface. For low heat flux a decrease of the confinement gap causes an enhancement of the boiling and a decrease in the dryout heat flux. A visualization of the boiling phenomenon shows the effect of confinement and heat flux on the liquid-vapor configuration.