Critical evaluation of CFD codes for interfacial simulation of bubble‐train flow in a narrow channel

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes that are able to describe in detail the dynamic evolution of the deformable interface in gas–liquid or liquid–liquid flows may be a valuable tool to explore the potential of multi‐fluid flow in narrow channels for process intensification. In the present paper, a computational exercise for co‐current bubble‐train flow in a square vertical mini‐channel is performed to investigate the performance of well‐known CFD codes for this type of flows. The computations are based on the volume‐of‐fluid method (VOF) where the transport equation for the liquid volumetric fraction is solved either by the methods involving a geometrical reconstruction of the interface or by the methods that use higher‐order difference schemes instead. The codes contributing to the present code‐to‐code comparison are an in‐house code and the commercial CFD packages CFX, FLUENT and STAR‐CD. Results are presented for two basic cases. In the first one, the flow is driven by buoyancy only, while in the second case the flow is additionally forced by an external pressure gradient. The results of the code‐to‐code comparison show that only the VOF method with interface reconstruction leads to physically sound and consistent results, whereas the use of difference schemes for the volume fraction equation shows some deficiencies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大有效面积的高Tc rf SQUID

关键词： c rf SQUID')" href="#">高T_c rf SQUID 新型结构 大有效面积 磁通聚焦器     

Postcritical Behavior of Cables Undergoing Two Simultaneous Galloping Modes

Abstract. A nonlinear two degree-of-freedom model, describing a flexible elastic suspended cable undergoing galloping oscillations, is analyzed. By using a perturbative approach, the critical conditions occuring for different values of the aerodynamic coefficients are described. Two different type of critical conditions, corresponding to simple or double Hopf bifurcations are found. The nonlinear postcritical behavior of single taut strings in 1:1 primary internal resonance is studied through the multiple scale perturbation method. In the double Hopf bifurcation case the influence of the detuning between the critical eigenvalues on the postcritical behavior is illustrated. It is found that quasi-periodic motions, which are likely to occur in the linear field when the two critical frequencies are incommensurable, are really unstable in the nonlinear range. Therefore, the postcritical behavior of the string consists of stable periodic motions for any detuning values.Sommario. Viene analizzato un modello non lineare a due gradi di libertrappresentativo di un cavo elastico flessibile sospeso alle estremite soggetto ad oscillazioni galoppanti. Utilizzando un approccio perturbativo, vengono descritte le condizioni critiche per differenti valori dei coefficienti aerodinamici. Sono presenti due diversi tipi di condizioni critiche, corrispondenti a biforcazioni di Hopf semplici e doppie. Attraverso il metodo perturbativo delle scale multiple viene studiato il comportamento post-critico non lineare di singole stringhe tese in risonanza interna primaria 1:1. Nel caso di biforcazione doppia di Hopf viene illustrata l'influenza del detuning tra gli autovalori critici sul comportamento post-critico. Si trova che i moti quasi-periodici, presenti in campo lineare quando le due frequenze critiche sono incommensurabili, sono in realtinstabili in campo non lineare. Quindi, il comportamento post-critico della stringa risulta composto da moti periodici stabili per un qualsiasi valore del detuning.     

城市新区土地征用补偿价格确定方法研究

城市新区作为城市建设用地的后备区域，新区中的农民将面临土地被征用，他们较其他地区的农民面对更严峻的生活问题．因此，对城市新区的土地征用补偿价格进行研究，提出切实可行的补偿价格计算方法，是十分必‘要和迫切的．结合实例，从物权理论等角度出发，提出一种计算简便、相对比较合理的计算方法,其中，将对征地补偿价格的适用范围、测算体系、计算方法等几个难点进行重点阐述．     

Issues in the synthesis of crystalline molecular sieves: towards the crystallization of low framework-density structures.

Fundamental and practical interest in crystalline, microporous, molecular sieves is largely a direct consequence of the fact that their bulk properties can be manipulated through variations in atomic structure. This correspondence between the macroscale and the atomic scale is due to the uniformity of these crystalline materials. Control of the atomic structure therefore is of extreme importance, and is the thesis of this Review. Synthesis mechanisms and the parameters that can direct the crystal assembly pathway and the ultimate product formed are discussed and rationalized.     

The Impact of the New Earth Gravity Models on the Measurement of the Lense–Thirring Effect

We examine how the new forthcoming Earth gravity models from the CHAMP and, especially, GRACE missions could improve the measurement of the general relativistic Lense–Thirring effect according to the various kinds of observables which could be adopted. In a very preliminary way, we use the first recently released EIGEN2 CHAMP–only and GGM01C GRACE–based Earth gravity models in order to assess the impact of the mismodelling in the even zonal harmonic coefficients of geopotential which represents one of the major sources of systematic errors in this kind of measurement. However, discretion is advised on evaluating the reliability of these results because the Earth gravity models used here, especially EIGEN2, are still very preliminary and more extensive calibration tests must be performed. According to the GGM01C model, the systematic error due to the unmodelled even zonal harmonics of geopotential amounts to 2% for the combination of the nodes of LAGEOS and LAGEOS II and the Perigee of LAGEOS II used up to now by Ciufolini and coworkers in the currently performed LAGEOS-LAGEOS II Lense-Thirring experiment, and to 14% for a combination explicitly presented here which involves the nodes only of LAGEOS and LAGEOS II.     

量热器阵列探测器

本工作研制出 5×25=125量热器阵列探测器。每个量热器单元是由石墨块与镍铬——镍铝热电偶构成。解决了热电偶丝与石墨块的粘接问题和上百条热电丝从真空室引出问题。创立了以液氮沸点温度为温度基点的新“0”点装置,它既具有温度稳定性能好又能解决各路之间的绝缘问题。为多路量热器mV级小讯号的物理测量奠定了基础。 采用Fy-1微机数据采集系统测量探测器的讯号。它性能稳定、采集速度快。测量了大面积二极管产生的电子束的均匀性,数据经过模拟处理,给出电子束空间分布的立体图像,从图可以清楚地看出电子束能量空间分布的非均匀性和轴向箍缩效应。     

遗传算法及其在化学化工中的应用

本文介绍了遗传算法的基本概念、工作原理和步骤, 综述了它在化学化工领域的应用。     

Advancements in biocatalysis: From computational to metabolic engineering

Through several waves of technological research and un-matched innovation strategies, bio-catalysis has been widely used at the industrial level. Because of the value of enzymes, methods for producing value-added compounds and industrially-relevant fine chemicals through biological methods have been developed. A broad spectrum of numerous biochemical pathways is catalyzed by enzymes, including enzymes that have not been identified. However, low catalytic efficacy, low stability, inhibition by non-cognate substrates, and intolerance to the harsh reaction conditions required for some chemical processes are considered as major limitations in applied bio-catalysis. Thus, the development of green catalysts with multi-catalytic features along with higher efficacy and induced stability are important for bio-catalysis. Implementation of computational science with metabolic engineering, synthetic biology, and machine learning routes offers novel alternatives for engineering novel catalysts. Here, we describe the role of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering in catalysis. Machine learning algorithms for catalysis and the choice of an algorithm for predicting protein-ligand interactions are discussed. The importance of molecular docking in predicting binding and catalytic functions is reviewed. Finally, we describe future challenges and perspectives.