On hydraulic permeability of random packs of monodisperse spheres: Direct flow simulations versus correlations

Hydraulic permeability is studied in porous media consisting of randomly distributed monodisperse spheres by means of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The packing of spheres is generated by inserting a certain number of nonoverlapping spherical particles inside a cubic box at both low and high packing fractions using proper algorithms. Fluid flow simulations are performed within the interparticulate porous space by solving Navier-Stokes equations in a low-Reynolds laminar flow regime. The hydraulic permeability is calculated from the Darcy equation once the mean values of velocity and pressure gradient are calculated across the particle packing. The simulation results for the pressure drop across the packing are verified by the Ergun equation for the lower range of porosities (<0.75), and the Stokes equation for higher porosities (∼1). Using the results of simulations, the effects of porosity and particle diameters on the hydraulic permeability are investigated. Simulations precisely specified the range of applicability of empirical or semi-empirical correlations for hydraulic permeability, namely the Carman-Kozeny, Rumpf-Gupte, and Howells-Hinch formulas. The number of spheres in the model is gradually decreased from 2000 to 20 to discover the finite-size effect of pores on the hydraulic permeability of spherical packing, which has not been clearly addressed in the literature. In addition, the scale dependence of hydraulic permeability is studied via simulations of the packing of spheres shrunk to lower scales. The results of this work not only reveal the validity range of the aforementioned correlations, but also show the finite-size effect of pores and the scale-independence of direct CFD simulations for hydraulic permeability.     

Effects of low-intensity ultrasound on the growth,cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Effects of low-intensity ultrasound (at different frequency, treatment time and power) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different growth phase were evaluated by the biomass in the paper. In addition, the cell membrane permeability and ethanol tolerance of sonicated Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also researched. The results revealed that the biomass of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased by 127.03% under the optimum ultrasonic conditions such as frequency 28 kHz, power 140 W/L and ultrasonic time 1 h when Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultured to the latent anaphase. And the membrane permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in latent anaphase enhanced by ultrasound, resulting in the augment of extracellular protein, nucleic acid and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) contents. In addition, sonication could accelerate the damage of high concentration alcohol to Saccharomyces cerevisiae although the ethanol tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was not affected significantly by ultrasound.     

应用NiZn铁氧体的宽带传输线变压器性能分析

研究了变换比为4∶1的宽频带传输线变压器,给出了考虑线圈互耦的等效电路模型,分析了其阻抗变换特性。针对在以往传输线变压器分析中忽略频率变化对磁导率的影响这一问题,以应用NiZn铁氧体的宽带传输线变压器为例,将频率变化对磁导率的影响应用到分析传输线变压器特性中。对测试结果的分析和比较表明:在传输线变压器输入阻抗的分析中,频率对其的影响是存在的,在等效电路模型分析中加以考虑,可以更好地与实际值吻合。     

多脉冲励磁下铁氧体及非晶磁环的磁特性

感应脉冲加速器的磁芯通常为铁氧体或非晶材料,而感应腔磁芯在工作脉冲下的磁性能是决定感应加速脉冲波形好坏的重要因素。搭建了低压多脉冲实验平台对铁氧体和非晶小磁环分别进行MHz重复频率的多脉冲励磁,对励磁线圈上的电压电流波形进行监测,绘制了多脉冲励磁下磁环的磁化曲线,并结合含磁芯线圈动态电感量的递推公式计算出磁环在多脉冲励磁过程中磁导率的变化曲线;在高压三脉冲实验平台上对铁氧体磁芯和非晶磁芯实验感应腔进行了高压三脉冲实验,得到的磁芯多脉冲磁化规律与低压实验的结果一致。最后对两种磁环在多脉冲励磁下的磁性能差异进行了对比分析。     

具有横向磁晶各向异性的钴纳米线的微波吸收性能

使用电化学脉冲沉积法制备了磁晶各向异性易磁化方向(c轴)垂直纳米线长轴方向的钴纳米线.受到磁晶各向异性、静磁相互作用等因素与形状各向异性相互竞争的结果,纳米线阵列的磁滞回线显示出较弱的磁各向异性.此外,在2—18 GHz频率范围内,纳米线/石蜡复合材料的介电色散谱的虚部在5 GHz处有一个主峰,在10 GHz附近有一个较弱的峰;德拜弛豫特性和材料的电导率对这两个峰的形成均有贡献.同时,其磁导率色散谱的虚部在频率为6.1 GHz处有一个主峰,在10 GHz以上有两个较微弱的峰. 前一个峰源于自 关键词： 钴纳米线 介电色散谱 磁导率色散谱 微波吸收剂     

基于高介电常数基板和金属结构负折射材料的设计,仿真与验证

通过将单回路镜像对称开口金属环结构印制在高介电常数基板上,实现了一种金属含量比传统负折射材料更少,"双负"通带比全介质负折射材料更宽的负折射材料.分析了高介电常数基板产生负介电常数以及"双负"通带形成的机理,通过仿真实验分析了影响"双负"通带的因素.通过制作样品验证了这一机理实现"双负"的可行性,理论分析与实验结果都表明这种方法可实现较宽频段内的"双负"通带. 关键词： 负折射材料 负介电常数 负磁导率 介质谐振器原理     

Fabrication and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of amorphous Ni-P nanotubes

Amorphous Ni-P nanotubes are fabricated through electroless chemical deposition inside an anodic aluminum oxide template. The hysteresis loops of Ni-P nanotube arrays are each found to exhibit an unusual isotropic behaviour, which is believed to be due to the competition results between the shape anisotropy and the magnetostatic interaction among nanotubes. The dynamic dependence of permittivity on the frequency spectrum is fitted to the Lorentzian-type dispersion law. The permeability dispersion behaviours have been fitted based on the Kittel equation. Electromagnetic wave absorption properties of Ni-P nanotubes/paraffin composites with different values of thickness (t) are clearly shown by a three-dimensional graph. Furthermore, the bandwidths of composites with different "t" values can be well presented by a two-dimensional contour graph, which is a novel presentation form. The results show that the composites each have a good microwave absorption performance with t larger than 5.5 mm and with the frequency around 8 gigahertz.     

FeCoB-SiO2磁性纳米颗粒膜的微波电磁特性

采用交替沉积磁控溅射工艺制备了超薄多层的FeCoB SiO2 磁性纳米颗粒膜 .利用x射线衍射仪、扫描探针显微镜、透射电子显微镜分析了薄膜的微结构和形貌特征 .采用振动样品磁强计、四探针法、微波矢量分析仪及谐振腔法测量薄膜试样的磁电性能和微波复磁导率 .重点对SiO2 介质相含量、薄膜微结构对电磁性能产生重要影响的机理做了分析和探讨 .结果表明 :这类FeCoB SiO2 磁性纳米颗粒膜具有良好的软磁性能和高频电磁性能 ,2GHz时的磁导率 μ′高于 70 ,可以应用于高频微磁器件或微波吸收材料的设计     

从电磁感应定律看负磁导率的产生过程

以左手材料中产生负磁导率的开口谐振环结构模型为例,从磁导率的定义出发,借助于电磁感应定律,推导了负磁导率的产生过程.     

亚波长电磁波隧穿

文章介绍一种具有亚波长隧穿特性的电磁波人工复合材料.这种材料由具有不同特性的层状材料组成一“三明治”多层复合体：即ABA板.其中夹心板B为一完全阻挡电磁波的金属网 (具有负介电常数-ε的金属亚波长网格),而两夹板A可以由具有周期排列的正介电常数(+ε)或负磁导率(-μ）的单元体构成.当电磁波入射此“三明治”体时,特定频率的电磁波会透过而产生透带.这种具有亚波长隧穿的现象实际上是由夹板上单元体的局域谐振诱导各层间电磁场增强引起的.